Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (eBook)

Front cover 1
Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 4
Copyright page 5
Table of contents 8
Contributors 16
Preface 20
Part I: Approches to Understanding the Neurobiological Basis of Learning and Memory 22
CHAPTER 1: Historical Perspective 24
I. INTRODUCTION 24
II. METAPHORS OF MEMORY 25
III. ADVANCES IN THE LAST QUARTER OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 26
IV. PESSIMISM IN MIDCENTURY, THEN RAPID GAINS 33
V. NEUROCHEMICAL AND NEUROANATOMICAL EFFECTS OF TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE 34
VI. GENETIC STUDIES OF LEARNING ABILITY: FROM SELECTION TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 41
VII. CHANGING CONCEPTS OF LEARNING AND MEMORY FORMATION 45
VIII. NEUROCHEMICAL MECHANISMS OF LEARNING AND MEMORY 47
IX. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF LEARNING AND MEMORY 55
X. MEMORY DURING AGING 62
XI. HOW TO IMPROVE MEMORY 63
XII. CONCLUSIONS 65
REFERENCES 67
CHAPTER 2: Developmental Approaches to the Memory Process 78
I. INTRODUCTION 78
II. EXPERIENCE-EXPECTANT AND EXPERIENCE-DEPENDENT NEURAL PLASTICITY 79
III. QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY 80
IV. NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF THE LEARNING PROCESS 83
V. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL STUDY OF MEMORY 108
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 110
REFERENCES 111
CHAPTER 3: Genetics in Learning and Memory 124
I. INTRODUCTION 124
II. GENETIC SCREENING OF LEARNING AND MEMORY MUTANTS 125
III. GENETIC MANIPULATION OF CANDIDATE LEARNING AND MEMORY GENES 130
IV. GENETIC DISSECTION OF LEARNING AND MEMORY 133
V. SUMMARY 143
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 143
REFRENCES 143
CHAPTER 4: Gene Expression in Learning and Memory 150
I. INTRODUCTION 150
II. GENE EXPRESSION AND LEARNING AND MEMORY 152
III. LTP AND GENE EXPRESSION 161
IV. SUMMARY 166
REFERENCES 167
CHAPTER 5: Mnemonic Contributions of Hippocampal Place Cells 176
I. INTRODUCTION 176
II. PLACE FIELDS: SENSORY AND MOVEMENT CORRELATES 179
III. PLACE FIELDS: RELATIONSHIP TO LEARNING AND MEMORY 180
IV. FUTURE ISSUES TO CONSIDER 197
V. CONCLUSIONS 201
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 202
REFERENCES 202
CHAPTER 6: Computations in Memory Systems in the Brain 212
I. INTRODUCTION 212
II. FUNCTIONS OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN LONG-TERM MEMORY 213
III. SHORT-TERM MEMORY SYSTEMS 239
IV. INVARIANT VISUAL-OBJECT RECOGNITION 248
V. VISUAL STIMULUS–REWARD ASSOCIATION,EMOTION, AND MOTIVATION 249
VI. EFFECTS OF MOOD ON MEMORY AND VISUAL PROCESSING 252
VII. CONCLUSION 255
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 256
REFERENCES 256
CHAPTER 7: Modulation of Learning and Memory by Adrenal and Ovarian Hormones 264
I. INTRODUCTION 264
II. STRESS HORMONES AND MEMORY 266
III. GONADAL STEROIDS AND COGNITION 272
IV. MAJOR POINTS 281
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 281
REFERENCES 282
Part II: The Contribution of Neural Systems in Mediating Learning and Memory 290
CHAPTER 8: Neurobiological Views of Memory 292
I. INTRODUCTION 292
II. SPATIAL ATTRIBUTE: EVENT-BASED MEMORY 298
III. SPATIAL ATTRIBUTE: KNOWLEDGE-BASED MEMORY 310
IV. SPATIAL ATTRIBUTE: RULE–BASED MEMORY 314
V. SUMMARY 317
REFERENCES 319
CHAPTER 9: The Medial Temporal Lobe and Memory 326
I. INTRODUCTION 326
II. MTL ANATOMY 327
III. MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS RESULTING FROM MTL DAMAGE 329
IV. FUNCTIONAL SEGREGATION WITHIN MTL 336
V. CONSEQUENCES OF SELECTIVE HIPPOCAMPAL LESIONS 338
VI. NEUROIMAGING OF ITEM AND CONJUNCTIVE MEMORY 342
VII. HIPPOCAMPAL SUBFIELD FUNCTION 347
VIII. SUMMARY 350
REFERENCES 351
CHAPTER 10: Bootstrapping Your Brain: How Interactions Between the Frontal Cortex and Basal Ganglia May Produce Organized Actions and Lofty Thoughts 360
I. INTRODUCTION 360
II. COGNITIVE CONTROL AND THE PFC 361
III. THE BASAL GANGLIA 363
IV. DOPAMINERGIC TEACHING SIGNALS 366
V. FAST, SUPERVISED BG PLASTICITY VERSUS SLOWER, LESS SUPERVISED CORTICAL PLASTICITY 367
VI. FRONTAL CORTEX–BASAL GANGLIA LOOPS: RECURSIVE PROCESSING AND BOOTSTRAPPING 369
VII. SUMMARY: FRONTAL CORTEX–BG LOOPS FOR GOAL-DIRECTED LEARNING 370
REFERENCES 372
CHAPTER 11: Role of the Striatum in Learning and Memory 376
I. INTRODUCTION 376
II. FEATURES OF STRIATAL ANATOMY 378
III. INVOLVEMENT OF DORSAL STRIATUM IN LEARNING AND MEMORY 380
IV. CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE LATERAL STRIATUM TO LEARNING AND MEMORY 381
V. CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE MEDIAL STRIATUM TO LEARNING AND MEMORY 387
VI. CONCLUSIONS 393
REFERENCES 394
CHAPTER 12: Neural Systems Involved in Fear and Anxiety Based on the Fear-Potentiated Startle Test 402
I. CONDITIONED AND UNCONDITIONED FEAR 402
II. FEAR VERSUS ANXIETY 403
III. ANIMAL MODELS OF FEAR AND ANXIETY 404
IV. THE FEAR-POTENTIATED STARTLE EFFECT 406
V. FEAR-POTENTIATED STARTLE IN HUMANS 407
VI. NEURAL PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN FEAR-POTENTIATED STARTLE 408
VII. FEAR-POTENTIATED STARTLE MEASURED ELECTROMYOGRAPHICALLY 412
VIII. THE POINT IN THE STARTLE PATHWAY WHERE FEAR MODULATES TRANSMISSION 412
IX. PROJECTIONS TO THE PNC 414
X. ROLE OF THE AMYGDALA IN FEAR 418
XI. INTRACELLULAR EVENTS INVOLVED IN FEAR-POTENTIATED STARTLE 428
XII. WHAT DOES THE BNST DO? A PROVISIONAL HYPOTHESIS BASED ON RESULTS FROM FEAR-CONDITIONING AND ACOUSTIC STARTLE STUDIES 434
XIII. EXTINCTION OF FEAR-POTENTIATED STARTLE 436
XIV. FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE 437
XV. SUMMARY 438
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 438
REFERENCES 439
CHAPTER 13: Cerebellar Learning 448
I. INTRODUCTION 448
II. SYNAPTIC ORGANIZATION OF THE CEREBELLUM 449
III. THE CEREBELLUM LEARNS 450
IV. HOW THE CEREBELLUM LEARNS 453
V. CONTRIBUTION OF LEARNING TO CEREBELLAR INFORMATION PROCESSING 466
VI. CONCLUSION 469
REFERENCES 469
Part III: Applications of the Importance of Learning and Memory to Applied Issues 478
CHAPTER 14: Reward and Drugs of Abuse 480
I. INTRODUCTION 480
II. REWARD, ADDICTION, AND LEARNING 481
III. ACQUISITION 485
IV. CONSOLIDATION — LONG-TERM CHANGES FOLLOWING CHRONIC DRUG USE 488
V. RETRIEVAL 493
VI. CONCLUSIONS 496
REFERENCES 498
CHAPTER 15: Memory Changes with Age: Neurobiological Correlates 504
I. INTRODUCTION 504
II. METHODS MATTER 505
III. LEARNING AND MEMORY CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH AGING 508
IV. INVOLVEMENT OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY 514
V. NORMAL BRAIN AGING OUTSIDE THE HIPPOCAMPUS 527
VI. CONCLUSIONS 529
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 530
REFERENCES 530
CHAPTER 16: Neurodegenerative Diseases and Memory: A Treatment Approach 540
I. INTRODUCTION 540
II. THE CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM 541
III. TREATMENT APPROACH: ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS 542
IV. THE GLUTAMATERGIC SYSTEM 542
V. ROLE OF NEUROINFLAMMATION IN NEURODEGENERATION 544
VI. EFFECT OF NEUROINFLAMMATION ON CHOLINERGIC FUNCTION 546
VII. TREATMENT APPROACH: ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPY 547
VIII. TREATMENT APPROACH: GLUTAMATE CHANNEL ANTAGONISM 547
IX. ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND MITOCHONDRIA FAILURE IN NEURODEGENERATION 548
X. NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH b-AMYLOID 549
XI. b-AMYLOID: TREATMENT APPROACHES 550
XII. NMDA RECEPTOR FUNCTION IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH TAU PROTEINS 551
XIII. TREATING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE SYMPTOMS WITH GINKGO BILOBA 552
XIV. TREATMENT APPROACH OF THE FUTURE: NEUROPROTECTION 554
XV. SUMMARY 555
REFERENCES 555
CHAPTER 17: Enhancement of Learning and Memory Performance: Modality-Specific Mechanisms of Action 562
I. INTRODUCTION 562
II. MECHANISMS OF ATTENTION/ENCODING ENHANCEMENT 565
III. MECHANISMS OF STORAGE/CONSOLIDATION ENHANCEMENT 573
IV. MECHANISMS OF RETRIEVAL/RECALL ENHANCEMENT 579
V. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 582
VI. SUMMARY 585
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 586
GLOSSARY 586
REFERENCES 587
Index 596