Bioenergetics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Bioenergetics 3 4
Copyright Page 5
CONTENTS 6
Preface 10
Note to the reader 14
Glossary 16
CHAPTER 1. CHEMIOSMOTIC ENERGY TRANSDUCTION 22
1.1 Introduction 22
1.2 The chemiosmotic theory: fundamentals 22
1.3 The basic morphology of energy-transducing membranes 26
1.4 Overview 33
CHAPTER 2. ION TRANSPORT ACROSS ENERGY-CONSERVING MEMBRANES 36
2.1 Introduction 36
2.2 The classification of ion transport 36
2.3 Bilayer-mediated transport 40
2.4 Protein-catalysed transport 44
2.5 Swelling and the co-ordinate movement of ions across membranes 45
CHAPTER 3. QUANTITATIVE BIOENERGETICS: THE MEASUREMENT OF DRIVING FORCES 50
3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 Gibbs energy and displacement from equilibrium 52
3.3 Oxidation–reduction (redox) potentials 59
3.4 Ion electrochemical potential differences 65
3.5 Photons 66
3.6 Bioenergetic interconversions and thermodynamic constraints on their stoichiometries 67
3.7 The equilibrium distributions of ions, weak acids and weak bases 69
3.8 Membrane potentials, diffusion potentials, Donnan potentials and surface potentials 71
CHAPTER 4. THE CHEMIOSMOTIC PROTON CIRCUIT 76
4.1 Introduction 76
4.2 The measurement of protonmotive force 78
4.3 The stoichiometry of proton extrusion by the respiratory chain 85
4.4 The stoichiometry of proton uptake by the ATP synthase 87
4.5 Proton current and respiratory control 88
4.6 Proton conductance 92
4.7 Mitochondria1 respiration rate and metabolic control analysis 96
4.8 Overall parameters of energy transduction 100
4.9 Reversed electron transfer and the proton circuit driven by ATP hydrolysis 102
4.10 ATP synthesis driven by an artificial protonmotive force 104
4.11 Kinetic competence of .p in the proton circuit 105
4.12 Light-dependent ATP synthesis by bovine heart ATP synthase 106
CHAPTER 5. RESPIRATORY CHAINS 108
5.1 Introduction 108
5.2 Components of the mitochondria1 respiratory chain 108
5.3 The sequence of redox carriers in the respiratory chain 114
5.4 The mechanism of electron transfer 118
5.5 Proton translocation by the respiratory chain: 'loops', ' conformational pumps' or both? 124
5.6 Complex I (NADH–UQ oxidoreductase) 126
5.7 Delivering electrons to ubiquinone without proton translocation 130
5.8 Ubiquinone and complex III (bc1 or UQ–CYT c oxidoreductase) 133
5.9 Cytochrome c and complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase ferrocytochrome c: O2 oxidoreductase)
5.10 Overall proton and charge movements catalysed by the respiratory chain: correlation with the P/O ratio 145
5.11 Superoxide production by complexes I and III 146
5.12 Oxidative stress 148
5.13 The nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase 149
5.14 Electron transport in mitochondria of non-mammalian cells 150
5.15 Bacterial respiratory chains 153
CHAPTER 6. PHOTOSYNTHETIC GENERATORS OF PROTONMOTIVE FORCE 176
6.1 Introduction 176
6.2 The light reaction of photosynthesis in Rhodobacter sphaeroides and related organisms 178
6.3 The generation by illumination or respiration of .p in photosynthetic bacteria 187
6.4 The electron-transfer and light-capture pathway in green plants and algae 190
6.5 Bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin 205
CHAPTER 7. THE ATP SYNTHASE 214
7.1 Introduction 214
7.2 F1 and F0 214
7.3 The subunits of the F1.F0-ATPase 217
7.4 The structure of F1.F0 218
7.5 Enzymology of ATP synthase 223
7.6 Relating the structure to function for ATP synthase 229
7.7 Non-thermodynamic regulation of the ATP synthase 235
7.8 Proton translocation by other ATPases and pyrophosphatases 235
CHAPTER 8. METABOLITE AND ION TRANSPORT 238
8.1 Introduction 238
8.2 Mitochondrial cation transporters 239
8.3 Mitochondrial metabolite transporters 244
8.4 The transfer of electrons from cytoplasmic NADH to the respiratory chain 248
8.5 The phosphate and adenine nucleotide transporters 249
8.6 The uncoupling protein family 251
8.7 Bacterial transport 253
8.8 Transport (movement) of bacterial cells 265
8.9 Transport of macromolecules across bacterial membranes 266
CHAPTER 9. MITOCHONDRIA IN THE CELL 268
9.1 Introduction 268
9.2 Monitoring ..m and ATP synthesis in intact cells 270
9.3 Mitochondria and cellular Ca2+ homeostasis 274
9.4 Mitochondria and programmed cell death 277
9.5 Mitochondria and necrotic cell death 280
9.6 The mitochondrial genome 282
9.7 Import and assembly of mitochondrial proteins 283
9.8 Mitochondrial genetic diseases 285
9.9 Mitochondrial involvement in neurodegenerative diseases 287
References 290
Appendix. Protein structures 302
Index 306
Color Plate Section 318