Primate Adaptation and Evolution (eBook)

Cover 1
CONTENTS 6
Tables & Illustrations
Preface 17
Chapter 1. Adaptation, Evolution, and Systematics 19
Adaptation 19
Evolution 19
Taxonomy and Systematics 23
Bibliography 27
Chapter 2. The Primate Body 29
Size 29
Cranial Anatomy 30
The Brain and Senses 37
The Trunk and Limbs 45
Soft Tissues 54
Growth and Development 57
Bibliography 61
Chapter 3. Primate Lives 65
Primate Habitats 65
Land Use 70
Activity Patterns 70
A Primate Day 73
Primate Diets 73
Locomotion 75
Social Life 77
Individuals, Groups, and Communities 80
Why Primates Live in Groups 81
Primate Life Histories 85
Primate Communities 90
Bibliography 91
Chapter 4. Prosimians 99
Strepsirhines 100
Malagasy Strepsirhines 103
Subfossil Malagasy Prosimians 122
Adaptive Radiation of Malagasy Primates 127
Galagos and Lorises 128
Adaptive Radiation of Galagos and Lorises 134
Phyletic Relationships of Strepsirhines 135
Tarsiers 136
Phyletic Relationships of Tarsiers 138
Bibliography 140
Chapter 5. New World Anthropoids 151
Anatomy of Higher Primates 151
Platyrrhines 154
Adaptive Radiation of Platyrrhines 189
Phyletic Relationships of Platyrrhines 191
Bibliography 192
Chapter 6. Old World Monkeys 203
Catarrhine Anatomy 203
Cercopithecoids 203
Adaptive Radiation of Old World Monkeys 238
Phyletic Relationships of Old World Monkeys 239
Bibliography 241
Chapter 7. Apes and Humans 253
Hominoids 253
Adaptive Radiation of Hominoids 274
Phyletic Relationships of Hominoids 276
Bibliography 277
Chapter 8. Primate Communities 285
Primate Biogeography 285
Ecology and Biogeography 288
Comparing Primate Communities 290
Bibliography 300
Chapter 9. Primate Adaptations 301
Effects of Size 301
Adaptations to Diet 309
Locomotor Adaptations 315
Anatomical Correlates of Social Organization 324
Adaptation and Phylogeny 326
Bibliography 327
Chapter 10. The Fossil Record 333
Geological Time 334
Fossils and Fossilization 338
Paleoenvironments 341
Reconstructing Behavior 342
Paleobiogeography 343
Bibliography 344
Chapter 11. Primate Origins 347
Archontans„Primates and Other Mammals 348
Plesiadapiforms 350
Adaptive Radiation of Plesiadapiforms 360
Plesiadapiforms and Primates 362
The Phylogenetic Origins of Primates among the Archonta 363
The Adaptive Origin of Primates 364
Bibliography 365
Chapter 12. Fossil Prosimians 371
The First Modern Primates 372
The Origin of Prosimians 374
Adapoids 374
Are Adapoids Strepsirhines? 387
Fossil Lorises and Galagos 389
Omomyoids 390
Omomyoids, Tarsiers, and Haplorhines 401
Adaptive Radiations of Eocene Prosimians 403
Phyletic Relationships of Adapids and Omomyids 405
Bibliography 406
Chapter 13. Early Anthropoids 415
Eocene Anthropoids from Asia 415
Eocene and Oligocene Anthropoids from Africa and Arabia 417
Other North African and Arabian Early Anthropoids 433
Early Anthropoid Adaptations 434
Phyletic Relationships of Early Anthropoids 435
Prosimian Origins of Anthropoids 436
Solving Anthropoid Origins 439
Bibliography 439
Chapter 14. Fossil Platyrrhines 445
The Platyrrhine Fossil Record 445
The Earliest Platyrrhines 448
The Patagonian Platyrrhines 449
A More Modern Community 454
Pleistocene Platyrrhines 459
Caribbean Primates 459
Summary of Fossil Platyrrhines 461
Platyrrhine Origins 462
Bibliography 465
Chapter 15. Fossil Apes 471
Latest Oligocene to Middle Miocene Apes from Africa 471
Adaptive Radiation of Proconsulids 482
Phyletic Relationships of Proconsulids and Other African Miocene Apes 483
Eurasian Fossil Apes 485
The Evolution of Living Hominoids 498
Bibliography 501
Chapter 16. Fossil Old World Monkeys 509
Victoriapithecids: The Earliest Old World Monkeys 509
Fossil Cercopithecids 513
Summary of Fossil Cercopithecoids 522
Bibliography 524
Chapter 17. Hominids, the Bipedal Primates 529
Australopithecines 529
Australopithecine Adaptations and Hominid Origins 541
Phyletic Relationships of Early Hominids 547
Early Homo 548
Late Homo 553
Human Phylogeny 557
Humans as an Adaptive Radiation 560
Bibliography 560
Chapter 18. Patterns in Primate Evolution 569
Primate Adaptive Radiations 569
Patterns in Primate Phylogeny 574
Primate Evolution at the Species Level 576
Mosaic Evolution 579
Primate Extinctions 581
Bibliography 585
Glossary 589
Classification of Order Primates 595
Index 599