Principles of Regenerative Biology (eBook)

Cover 1
Copyright page 5
Table of contents 8
Preface 14
Acknowledgments 16
List of Abbreviations 18
CHAPTER 1: An Introduction to Regeneration 22
BRIEF HISTORY 22
WHAT IS REGENERATION? 23
HYPERTROPHY 44
MORPHALLAXIS 48
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 49
SUMMARY 50
CHAPTER 2: Origins of Cells in Regenerating Systems 52
WHERE DO REGENERATING CELLS COME FROM? 52
DEDIFFERENTIATION 55
PROLIFERATION OF PARENCHYMAL CELLS 63
PROLIFERATION OF RESIDENT PROGENITOR CELLS 64
INFLUX OF PROGENITOR (STEM) CELLS ORIGINATING OUTSIDE THE DAMAGED TISSUE 67
SUMMARY 68
CHAPTER 3: Epithelialization 70
GENERAL FEATURES OF EPITHELIALIZATION 70
MODEL SYSTEMS OF EPITHELIAL HEALING 73
ANALYSIS OF EVENTS IN THE EPITHELIALIZATION OF WOUNDS 80
ELECTRIC FIELDS AND EPITHELIALIZATION 86
EPITHELIAL PHAGOCYTOSIS AND HISTOLYSIS 87
REGENERATION OF EPIDERMAL APPENDAGES 88
RELATION BETWEEN EPITHELIALIZATION AND EPIMORPHIC REGENERATION 89
SUMMARY 91
CHAPTER 4: Role of the Substrate in Regeneration 94
PRINCIPLES OF CELL–SUBSTRATE INTERACTIONS 94
THE SUBSTRATE IN EPIDERMAL WOUND HEALING 97
THE SUBSTRATE IN THE REGENERATION OF A MUSCLE FIBER 99
THE SUBSTRATE IN AXONAL REGENERATION 102
THE SUBSTRATE IN EPIMORPHIC REGENERATION 106
SUBSTRATE AS AN INDUCER 108
NATURAL SUBSTRATES IN GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION 109
WHAT ARE PROPERTIES OF A GOOD NATURAL REGENERATIVE SUBSTRATE? 111
SUMMARY 113
CHAPTER 5: Tissue Interactions in Regeneration 114
THE AMPHIBIAN LIMB 114
HUMAN FINGERTIPS AND THE MAMMALIAN LIMB 118
ANTLER REGENERATION 120
MAMMALIAN EAR HOLE REGENERATION 122
CATFISH BARBEL REGENERATION 123
MAMMALIAN SKELETAL MUSCLE REGENERATION 126
LENS REGENERATION IN NEWTS 127
SUMMARY 129
CHAPTER 6: Role of the Nerve in Regeneration 132
EPIMORPHIC REGENERATION 132
TISSUE REGENERATION 141
SUMMARY 145
CHAPTER 7: Morphogenesis of Regenerating Structures 148
TYPES OF MORPHOGENETIC PHENOMENA 148
MAJOR CONCEPTS IN MORPHOGENESIS 154
EXAMPLES OF MORPHOGENETIC CONTROL IN REGENERATING SYSTEMS 163
SUMMARY 184
CHAPTER 8: Reintegrative Processes in Regeneration 186
SKELETAL TISSUES 187
SKELETAL MUSCLE 197
NERVOUS SYSTEM 201
ANGIOGENESIS 205
REGENERATING LIMB 207
MORPHALLAXIS 209
SUMMARY 209
CHAPTER 9: Regeneration and Embryonic Development 210
AMPHIBIAN LIMB 210
AMPHIBIAN TAIL 214
AMPHIBIAN LENS 215
MAMMALIAN SKELETAL MUSCLE 217
SUMMARY 225
CHAPTER 10: Regeneration and Aging 226
AGING AND REGENERATION IN INDIVIDUAL ORGAN SYSTEMS 227
EPIMORPHIC SYSTEMS 236
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF REGENERATION IN OLD AGE 237
MAJOR ISSUES IN REGENERATION AND AGING 238
SUMMARY 241
CHAPTER 11: Influence of the Environment on Mammalian Regeneration 242
WHAT IS MEANT BY ENVIRONMENT? 243
THE INFLUENCE OF SUBSTRATE 243
CELLULAR ENVIRONMENT 245
LOCAL GROWTH FACTORS 246
VASCULAR ENVIRONMENT 247
SYSTEMIC HORMONAL INFLUENCES 248
ROLE OF THE OVERALL BODY ENVIRONMENT 250
IMMUNOLOGIC ENVIRONMENT 250
MECHANICAL ENVIRONMENT 253
BIOELECTRIC ENVIRONMENT 254
SUMMARY 258
CHAPTER 12: Stem Cells, Plasticity, and Regeneration 260
WHAT IS A STEM CELL? 261
WHERE ARE ADULT STEM CELLS FOUND? 265
PROPERTIES OF ADULT STEM CELLS 266
STEM CELLS IN REGENERATION AND TISSUE RECONSTRUCTION 267
EXAMPLES OF STEM-CELL PARTICIPATION IN REGENERATION 269
INTEGRATING STEM-CELL BIOLOGY WITH NATURAL REGENERATION 278
SUMMARY 279
CHAPTER 13: Tissue Engineering and Regeneration 280
CELLULAR SOURCES 282
MATRICES AND SUBSTRATES 284
GROWTH FACTORS AND CYTOKINES IN TISSUE ENGINEERING 287
VASCULARIZATION AND NEUROTIZATION 292
MECHANICAL ENVIRONMENT 295
IMMUNE ACCEPTANCE AND BIOCOMPATIBILITY ISSUES 298
SUMMARY 299
CHAPTER 14: Stimulation of Regeneration 300
LIMB REGENERATION 300
STIMULATION OF REGENERATION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 311
STIMULATION OF BONE REGENERATION 319
CARDIAC MUSCLE 321
SUMMARY 324
CHAPTER 15: What Have We Learned and Where Are We Going? 326
WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 326
WHERE ARE WE HEADING? 337
CONCLUSION 344
REFERENCES 346
Index 392