Beef Cattle Feeding and Nutrition (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Beef Cattle Feeding and Nutrition 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Contributors 14
Preface to the Second Edition 16
Preface to the First Edition 18
In Memoriam 20
Part I: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle 22
Chapter 1. Rumen Physiology and Energy Requirements 24
I. Structure and Development of the Ruminant Stomach 25
II. Digestion of Nutrients 26
III. Quantitative Requirements of Beef Cattle 36
IV. Energy 36
References 44
Chapter 2. Vitamin Requirements of Beef Cattle 46
I. Fat-Soluble Vitamins 47
II. Water-Soluble Vitamins 54
References 56
Chapter 3. Mineral Requirements of Beef Cattle 57
I. Introduction 57
II. Essential Major Mineral Elements 58
III. Trace Mineral Elements 66
IV. Essential Toxic Mineral Elements 70
References 72
Chapter 4. Protein Requirements of Beef Cattle 74
I. Introduction 74
II. Amino Acids 74
III. The Role of Protein 75
IV. Protein Digestion 75
V. Nonprotein Nitrogen (NPN) 77
VI. Protected or Slowly Degraded Protein 79
VII. Effects of Protein Supplementation on the Performance of Growing and Finishing Cattle 80
VIII. Protein and Amino Acid Requirements of Beef Cattle 83
IX. Protein Adjustment during Temperature Stress 85
References 87
Chapter 5. Computer Programming of Beef Cattle Diets 89
I. Sources of Ration Programs for Computers 89
II. Least-Cost Ration Assumptions and Problems 90
III. Net Energy Considerations 91
IV. Solutions for Rations 91
V. Use of Spreadsheet Programs 92
VI. Other Computerized Methods 93
The Effect of Processing on the Nutritive Value of Feedstuffs for Beef Cattle 94
Chapter 6. Processing of Feed Grains 94
II. Processing of Roughage 106
References 107
Part II: Feedingstuffs 110
Chapter 7. Pasture and Forages 112
I. Nutritive Value of Pasture and Forages 112
II. Types of Pastures and Forages 116
III. Pasture Crops 118
References 124
Chapter 8. Making Hay and Haylage 125
I. Hay 125
II. Haylage 134
References 137
Chapter 9. Silage and Crops for Silage 138
I. Silage-Making 138
II. Silage Troubleshooting 147
III. Storing Silage 147
IV. Silage Diets 152
V. Other Silage Crops 153
References 157
Chapter 10. Concentrates for Beef Cattle 159
I. The Cereal Grains 160
II. Molasses 172
III. Fat 175
IV. Miscellaneous Energy Concentrates 177
V. Protein Concentrates 177
VI. Summary and Conclusions 185
References 185
Part III: The Breeding Herd 188
Chapter 11. Breeding Herd Nutrition and Management 190
I. Nutritional Needs of Replacement Heifers 190
II. Beef Cow Feeding Programs 196
III. A Year-Round Feeding Program for the Cow Herd 200
IV. Feeding Systems That Meet the Cow's Wintering Needs 204
V. Crossbreeding and Cow Productivity 206
VI. Some Considerations of Diet Effect on Estrus and Rebreeding 207
VII. Meeting Supplemental Protein Needs with Free Choice Liquid Supplements 212
VIII. Urea Feeding Effect on Cattle Reproduction 215
References 217
Chapter 12. Forages and Environmental Effect on Brood Cows 219
I. Quality of Pasture Effect on Cow and Calf Performance 219
II. Feeding Crop Residues 220
III. Grain Sorghum Stover for Beef Cows 224
IV. Corn Residue Utilization by Beef Cattle 225
V. Drylot versus Conventional Cow Herd Management Systems 228
References 232
Chapter 13. Milk Production and Calf Performance 233
I. Choosing a Profitable Cow Size 235
II. Creep Feeding Beef Calves 239
III. Implanting Suckling Calves 241
IV. Early Weaning of Beef Calves 242
References 244
Part IV: Finishing Beef Cattle 246
Chapter 14. Starting Cattle on Feed 248
I. The Program 248
II. Starting New Cattle on Corn Silage 253
III. Feeding Regimens for New Feeder Cattle 256
References 262
Chapter 15. Feeding Stocker Cattle 263
I. Feeding Programs for Stockers 263
II. Controlled Growth of Stockers 266
III. Winter Gain Effect on Summer Pasture Gain 268
IV. Pasture Management Effect on Stocker Performance 269
V. Grain Feeding Levels on Pasture 270
VI. Stocker Response to Monensin Sodium on Pasture 272
References 273
Chapter 16. Cattle Finishing Systems 274
I. Characteristics of Cattle Finishing Systems 275
II. Self-Feeding Finishing Cattle 282
III. Recipe Feeding of Finishing Cattle 287
IV. Diets for Show Calves 288
V. Fattening Bulls for Beef 290
VI. Comparative Performance of Bulls, Steers, and Heifers for Beef 294
VII. Feeding Holstein Steers 295
VIII. Cull Cows for Slaughter 299
IX. Estrus Control in Heifers: Spaying versus MGA 301
References 302
Chapter 17. Feedlot Disease 304
I. Bulling or Riding in Steer Feedlots 305
II. Acidosis in Feedlot Cattle 306
III. Shipping Fever 309
References 311
Chapter 18. Economics of Cattle Feeding 312
I. The Cattle Futures Market 312
II. Custom Feedyards—What are They and How Do They Work? 321
III. Predicting Performance and Feed Requirements 324
References 328
Chapter 19. Environmental and Housing Effects on Feedlot Cattle Performance 329
I. Housing Effects 329
II. Environmental Effects 333
References 336
Appendix I. Implants and Nonnutritive Additives for Beef Cattle 340
Appendix II. How Much Can I Afford to Pay for Feeder Cattle? 350
Appendix III. Some Current Specifications for Beef Cattle Equipment 368
Appendix IV. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle 372
Appendix V. Typical Composition of Feedstuffs for Cattle 392
Index 402
Animal Feeding and Nutrition 412