Forces and Tension in Development (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Forces and Tension in Development 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Contributors 10
Preface 12
Microtubule-Generated Flows 14
Actomyosin-Based and Adhesion-Based Forces 14
Additional Foreword to Physicists 15
References 16
Chapter 1: Experimental Evidence for the Geometric Clutch Hypothesis 18
1. Introduction 19
2. Experimental Support 26
3. The Underlying Assumptions 29
4. Support for the Four Basic Assumptions 29
5. Discussion 39
Acknowledgments 44
References 44
Chapter 2: From Cilia Hydrodynamics to Zebrafish Embryonic Development 50
1. Introduction 51
2. Motile Cilia and Zebrafish Development 52
3. Structure of Motile Cilia in the Developing Zebrafish 55
4. The Physics Side of Cilia-Mediated Flow: From Modeling to Experiment 58
5. Experimental Investigation of Cilia-Driven Fluid Flow in Developing Embryos 68
6. Role of Cilia-Driven Flow in the Kupffer's Vesicle in Zebrafish 74
7. Role of Cilia-Driven Flow in the Developing Inner Ear in Zebrafish 75
8. Conclusion 78
Acknowledgments 79
References 79
Chapter 3: Spontaneous Mechanical Oscillations... 84
1. Introduction 85
2. Part I: Molecular Motors and Oscillations 86
3. Part II: Oscillations Related to Myosin Motors in Cells and in Embryos 93
4. Conclusions 102
Acknowledgments 104
References 104
Chapter 4: Cortical Forces in Cell Shape Changes and Tissue Morphogenesis 110
1. Introduction 111
2. Molecular Origins of Cortical Forces 112
3. Cortical Forces Controlling Cell Shapes During Tissue Morphogenesis 118
4. Dynamic Spatiotemporal Distribution of Cortical Forces and Cell Shape Changes 128
5. Methods 138
6. Concluding Remarks 154
Acknowledgments 154
References 154
Chapter 5: Tension and Epithelial Morphogenesis in Drosophila Early Embryos 162
1. Introduction 163
2. Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Early Embryo: An Overview 164
3. Cell-Autonomous Behaviors and Intrinsic Forces in the Gastrulating Embryo 171
4. Passive Cell Behaviors and Extrinsic Forces in the Gastrulating Drosophila Embryo 180
5. Tension and Supracellular Actomyosin Structures in the Early Embryo 187
6. Final Remarks 195
Acknowledgments 197
References 197
Chapter 6: Cell Sorting in Development 206
1. Introduction 207
2. Principles of Cell Sorting 207
3. Measuring Tissue Surface Tension (TST) 210
4. Cell Sorting in Development 214
5. Outlook 224
References 225
Chapter 7: Embryo Mechanics... 232
1. Introduction 233
2. Mechanics of Development 234
3. Morphology and Kinematics: The Foundations of a Biomechanical Analysis 237
4. Materials and Structures Responsible for the Mechanical Resistance of Embryonic Tissues 243
5. Approaches for Measuring Stress and Force Production 249
6. Mechanical Hypothesis Building from Histology and Compositional Analysis 250
7. Challenges in Integrative Biomechanics: From Molecular to Whole Organism 251
8. Discussion and Conclusion: Biomechanical Variability, Robustness, and the Origin of Birth Defects 254
Acknowledgments 255
References 255
Chapter 8: Mechanotransduction in Development 260
1. Introduction 261
2. Mechanotransduction in Cultured Cells 262
3. Mechanotransduction in Embryonic Development 265
4. Perspectives in Evolution and Cancer 276
Acknowledgments 277
References 277
Index 284
Contents of Previous Volumes 292
Colour Plate 328