Biomarkers of Kidney Disease (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Biomarkers in Kidney Disease 4
Copyright 5
Dedication 6
Contents 8
Contributors 12
Foreword 14
Preface 16
Chapter 1 Characteristics of an Ideal Biomarker of Kidney Diseases 18
1 The Discovery of Biomarkers 18
2 Characteristics of an Ideal Biomarker 21
3 Biomarkers in Acute Kidney Injury 23
4 Biomarkers in Chronic Kidney Disease 28
5 The Example of NGAL as a Biomarker of Acute Kidney Injury 31
References 37
Chapter 2 Statistical Considerations in Analysis and Interpretation of Biomarker Studies 42
1 Introduction 42
2 Planning a Study 44
3 Statistical Methods to Quantify Classification Performance 45
4 Sample Size Calculations 50
5 Emerging Methods 50
6 Summary 53
References 53
Chapter 3 The Role of Metabolomics in the Study of Kidney Diseases and in the Development of Diagnostic Tools 56
1 Introduction 57
2 Metabolic Mapping of the Kidney 63
3 Non-Targeted and Targeted Metabolomics 65
4 The Sample 71
5 Analytical Technologies 73
6 Metabolic Molecular Marker Discovery and Development 82
7 Metabolomics in Renal Research and as Kidney Function, Disease and Injury Marker 85
8 Metabolomics as Clinical Diagnostic Tool in Nephrology 102
References 109
Chapter 4 The Role of Proteomics in the Study of Kidney Diseases andnbspin the Development of Diagnostic Tools 118
1 Introduction 119
2 Non-targeted and Targeted Proteomics 123
3 Proteins and the Kidney 127
4 The Proteomics Sample 131
5 Analytical Technologies 133
6 Proteomics in Renal Research and as a Marker for Kidney Function, Disease and Injury 152
7 Proteomics as Clinical Diagnostic Tool innbspNephrology 175
References 180
Chapter 5 Biomarkers in Acute Kidney Injury 194
1 Serum Creatinine in Acute Kidney Injury 196
2 Interleukin-18 198
3 Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin 203
4 Kidney Injury Molecule-1 209
5 Tubular Enzymes 212
6 Cystatin C 214
7 Other Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury 218
8 Combinations of AKI Biomarkers 226
9 Summary 228
10 Biomarkers of Extra-renal Complications of Acute Kidney Injury 229
References 239
Chapter 6 Biomarkers in Kidney Transplantation 250
1 Biomarkers: An Overview 251
2 Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury Post-transplantation (Table 6.1) 251
3 Biomarkers of Acute Rejection (Table 6.2) 262
4 Biomarkers of Chronic Allograft Nephropathy (Table 6.4) 290
5 Biomarkers of Polyoma Virus Infection 296
6 Summary 300
References 301
Chapter 7 Cystatin C as a Biomarker in Kidney Disease 308
1 Structure and Function of Cystatin C 308
2 Cystatin C Gene Structure and Cystatin C Production 309
3 Catabolism of Cystatin C 310
4 Cystatin C as a Marker for Glomerular Filtration Rate 311
5 Creatinine- and Cystatin C-based GFR-prediction Equations 315
6 The Lund Model: GFR-estimation with an Internal Quality Control 318
7 Abnormal Glomerular Filtration Quality: A New Marker for Kidney Disease. Use of Cystatin C to Identify It 319
8 Cystatin C and Aging Success 321
References 322
Chapter 8 Biomarkers of Renal Cancer 330
1 Renal Cancer 330
2 Cancer Biomarkers - General Concepts 336
3 Renal Cancer Biomarkers 337
4 Conclusions 361
References 361
Chapter 9 Urinary Proteomics and Candidate Biomarker Discovery for Diabetic Nephropathy 368
1 Introduction 369
2 Urinary Proteins as Candidate Biomarkers of Diabetic Nephropathy 371
3 Urinary Peptides as Candidate Biomarkers of Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy and Chronic Kidney Disease 374
4 Urinary Peptides as Candidate Biomarkers of Early Progressive Renal Function Declinenbspin Type 1 Diabetic Nephropathy 376
5 A Targeted Proteomic Analysis for Candidate Biomarkers of Early Renal Function Declinenbspin Type 1 Diabetic Nephropathy 380
6 Future Developments and Applications of Proteomics for Biomarker Discovery 381
References 382
Chapter 10 Biomarkers in Glomerular Disease 384
1 Biomarkers in Glomerular Diseases 385
2 Biomarkers in Lupus Nephritis 385
3 Membranous Nephropathy 389
4 Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis 391
5 Minimal Change Disease 392
6 IgA Nephropathy 393
7 ANCA-associated Vasculitis 395
8 Discovery of New Biomarkers using Proteomics 396
References 398
Chapter 11 Biomarkers in Preeclampsia 402
1 Definition and Prevalence of the Disease 403
2 Pathophysiology and Mechanisms 404
3 Clinical Manifestations 406
4 Diagnosis 410
5 Biomarkers 412
6 Novel Biomarkers and Future Perspectives 431
7 Conclusion 434
References 435
Index 444