Root and Tuber Crops (eBook)

John Bradshaw is a Honorary Fellow of the Scottish Crop Research Institute, having spent the whole of his 34 year career there as a plant breeder and geneticist. Throughout his career he has been a member of the European Association for Research on Plant Breeding (EUCARPIA) and served as Chairperson of the Section Potatoes. He has travelled widely and written extensively on plant breeding, as well as serving on the editorial boards of a number of scientific journals.

Preface 6
Contents 11
Contributors 12
1 Potatoes 14
1 Introduction 14
1.1 Nutritional Value 15
1.2 Processed Products 17
1.3 Production 17
2 Origins and Domestication 18
2.1 Species Involved 18
2.2 Reproductive Biology 20
2.3 History of Crop 21
2.3.1 Introduction to Europe 21
2.3.2 Transition to Major Worldwide Food Crop 22
3 Varietal Groups 23
4 Genetic Resources 23
4.1 World Catalogue of Potato Varieties 23
4.2 Cultivated Potatoes in Latin America 23
4.3 Wild Tuber-Bearing Solanum Species 24
4.4 Taxonomy of Wild Tuber-Bearing Solanum Species 26
4.5 Crossability of Species 28
5 Major Breeding Achievements 30
5.1 In South America Following Domestication 30
5.2 Modern Potato Breeding 30
5.3 Introgression of Genes from Wild and Cultivated Species 31
5.4 Introgression and Base Broadening 32
5.5 Base Broadening 33
5.6 TPS 35
5.7 Somaclonal Variation and Mutation Breeding 35
5.8 Genetic Transformation 36
6 Current Goals of Breeding 37
6.1 Asia, Africa, and Latin America 37
6.2 Europe, North America, and Oceania 38
6.3 Climate Change 39
6.4 TPS 39
6.5 Breeding Objectives and Selection Criteria 40
6.5.1 Yield, Dry Matter Content, Maturity, and Dormancy 40
6.5.2 Tuber Shape and Defects 40
6.5.3 Nutritional and Health Value, Pigmentation, and Glycoalkaloids 40
6.5.4 Cooking and Processing Quality 41
6.5.5 Resistance to Abiotic Stresses 41
6.5.6 Resistance to Major Pests 41
6.5.7 Resistance to Major Diseases 41
7 Breeding Methods and Techniques 43
7.1 Breeding Cultivars at the Tetraploid Level for Clonal Propagation 43
7.1.1 Parents and Crossing 43
7.1.2 Clonal Generations 44
7.2 Introgression 46
7.3 Base Broadening and Population Improvement 47
7.4 Breeding Cultivars for True Potato Seed 48
7.5 Genetically Modified Potatoes 49
7.5.1 Genes from Cultivated Potatoes and Their Cross-Compatible Wild Relatives 50
7.5.2 Gene Silencing 50
7.5.3 Novel Traits 51
8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs 52
8.1 Gene Discovery (Linkage Maps, Sequencing, and Microarrays) 52
8.2 Marker-Assisted Selection 53
9 Seed Tuber Production 54
References 56
2 Cassava 66
1 Introduction 66
2 Origins and Domestication 68
2.1 Species Involved 68
2.2 Reproductive Biology 68
2.3 History of Crop 71
3 Genetic Resources 71
3.1 Germplasm 71
3.2 Pre-breeding 72
3.2.1 Inter-specific Crosses 72
3.2.2 Inbreeding to Unmask Useful Recessive Traits 73
3.2.3 Developing Partially Inbred Genetic Stocks 75
4 Major Breeding Achievements 75
5 Current Goals of Breeding 77
5.1 Cassava Utilization 78
5.1.1 Starch 79
5.1.2 Animal Feeding 79
5.1.3 Bio-ethanol 79
5.1.4 Cassava for Processed Food 79
5.2 Breeding Objectives 80
5.2.1 Abiotic Stresses 80
5.2.2 Herbicide Tolerance 81
5.2.3 Disease and Pest Resistance 82
6 Breeding Methods and Techniques 83
6.1 Evaluation and Selection Scheme Used in Cassava Breeding 83
6.2 Strategies for Improving the Efficiency of Cassava Breeding 86
6.2.1 Rapid Cycling Recurrent Selection for High Heritability Traits 86
6.2.2 Correcting Data for Missing Plants 87
6.2.3 Inbreeding to Exploit Heterosis 87
6.2.4 Inbreeding to Reduce Genetic Load 88
6.2.5 Inbreeding to Identify Useful Recessive Traits 88
6.2.6 Inbreeding to Allow for the Backcross Scheme 88
6.2.7 Improving Testing Methodologies 89
6.2.8 Stratification of Large Trials 89
6.2.9 Estimation of General Combining Ability of Progenitors 90
7 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs 91
7.1 Use of Molecular Markers 91
7.1.1 Genetic Diversity 92
7.1.2 Marker-Assisted Selection 93
7.1.3 Introgression of Useful Traits from Wild Relatives 94
7.2 Genome Sequencing of Cassava 94
7.3 Mutation Breeding, TILLING, and ECOTILLING 95
7.3.1 Small Granule -- High Amylose Starch Mutation 96
7.3.2 Tolerance to PPD 97
7.4 Genetic Transformation 98
8 Commercial Propagation and Production of Planting Material 98
8.1 Field Management Requirements 99
8.2 Monitoring Nurseries 100
8.3 Harvest and Storage of Planting Material 101
References 102
3 Sweet Potato 110
1 Introduction 110
2 Origin and Domestication 111
2.1 Species Involved and Place 111
2.2 History of Crop 113
3 Varietal Groups 114
4 Genetic Resources 115
5 Major Breeding Achievements 118
5.1 Cultivars from Around the World 118
5.2 Industry and Fresh Market 119
6 Current Goals of Breeding 120
6.1 Yield 120
6.2 Quality 120
6.3 Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Stress 122
6.4 G E 123
6.5 Participatory Plant Breeding 124
6.6 Interspecific Hybridization 125
6.7 Feeding Pigs 125
7 Breeding Methods and Techniques 125
7.1 Breeding Methods 125
7.2 Hybridization Techniques 125
7.3 Seed Scarification 129
7.4 Clonal Generations 129
8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs 129
8.1 Molecular Markers 129
8.2 Genetic Transformation 131
8.3 Somatic Hybridization 133
9 Commercial Production 133
References 134
4 Yams 139
1 Introduction 139
2 Origin and Domestication 143
3 Varietal Groups 145
4 Genetic Resources 146
5 Breeding Achievements and Goals 148
6 Breeding Methods and Techniques 149
7 Integration of New Biotechnologies into Breeding Programs 151
7.1 Molecular Markers 151
7.2 In Vitro Culture 153
7.3 Somatic Hybridization and Transgenesis 153
8 Seed Production 153
8.1 True Seed in Breeding 153
8.2 Seed Tubers for Commercial Propagation 153
References 154
5 Taro and Cocoyam 161
1 Introduction 161
2 Origin and Domestication 163
2.1 Taro 163
2.2 Cocoyam 164
3 Varietal Groups 165
3.1 Taro 165
3.2 Cocoyam 167
4 Genetic Resources 168
4.1 Taro 168
4.2 Cocoyam 170
5 Major Breeding Achievements 171
5.1 Taro 171
5.2 Cocoyam 173
6 Current Goals of Breeding 173
6.1 Taro 173
6.2 Cocoyam 175
7 Breeding Methods and Techniques 175
8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs 178
9 Seed Production 179
References 179
6 Sugar Beet 185
1 Introduction 185
2 Origin and Domestication 185
3 Genetic Resources 188
4 Major Breeding Achievements 191
4.1 Polyploidy 191
4.2 Monogerm Seed 192
4.3 Male Sterility 193
4.4 Growth Habit 195
4.5 Bolting Resistance 195
4.6 Self-Sterility and Self-Fertility 196
5 Current Goals of Breeding 197
5.1 Yield and Quality Traits 197
5.2 Resistance to Diseases 199
5.2.1 Curly Top 199
5.2.2 Rhizomania 200
5.2.3 Cercospora Leaf Spot 202
5.2.4 Beet Cyst Nematode 202
5.3 Resistance to Abiotic Stresses 203
6 Breeding Methods and Techniques 204
6.1 Mass Selection 204
6.2 Family Selection and Line Breeding 205
6.2.1 Half-Sib Selection 205
6.2.2 Full-Sib Selection 205
6.3 Recurrent Selection for Combining Ability 207
6.4 Hybrid Varieties 207
7 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs 208
7.1 Genetic Maps 208
7.2 Sugar Beet Genome 211
7.3 Applications in Breeding 212
7.4 Micropropagation and Haploidy 213
8 Seed Production 214
8.1 Methods of Seed Production 214
8.2 Pollen Isolation 217
References 218
7 Fodder Beet 232
1 Introduction 232
1.1 Biology of Species 233
2 Origin and Domestication 234
2.1 Origin 234
2.2 History 236
3 Varietal Groups 236
3.1 Root Morphology 237
3.2 Root Color 238
4 Genetic Resources 240
5 Major Breeding Achievements 241
5.1 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility 242
5.2 Self-Fertility 242
6 Current Goals of Breeding 242
6.1 Production of Biomass 243
6.1.1 The Root Yield per Hectare 243
6.1.2 Soluble Dry Matter Content 243
6.1.3 The Soluble Dry Matter Yield per Hectare 243
6.1.4 Regularity of Yield 243
6.2 Bolting Resistance 243
6.3 Resistance to Diseases 244
6.3.1 Rhizomania 244
6.3.2 Rhizoctonia Crown Root Rot 244
6.3.3 Foliar Diseases 244
6.4 Monogermity, Seed Germination, and Emergence 244
7 Breeding Methods and Techniques 245
7.1 Mass Selection 245
7.2 Progeny Testing and Breeding Lines 247
7.3 Hybrid Breeding Methods and Development of Hybrid Varieties 249
8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs 250
8.1 Micropropagation 250
8.2 Haploid Production 250
8.3 Gene Mapping 251
8.4 Genetic Transformation 251
9 Seed Production 252
References 253
8 Swedes and Turnips 255
1 Introduction 255
1.1 Botanical Classification and Reproductive Biology 255
1.2 Developmental Plant Anatomy 256
1.3 Chemical Composition 258
1.4 Areas Grown 260
2 Origin and Domestication 261
3 Varietal Groups 263
4 Genetic Resources 265
5 Major Breeding Achievements 267
5.1 Standard Breeding 267
5.2 F1 Hybrid Breeding 270
6 Current Goals of Breeding 273
7 Breeding Methods and Techniques 275
7.1 General Methodology 275
7.2 Yield Trials 278
7.3 Other Techniques 279
7.4 Disease Resistance Breeding 280
7.4.1 Clubroot 280
7.4.2 Dry Rot 282
7.4.3 Mildew 283
7.4.4 Turnip Mosaic Virus 284
7.5 Insect Pests 285
8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs 286
9 Seed Production 287
References 291
Index 300