Trauma Biomechanics (eBook)

Preface 5
Preface - 2nd edition 7
Acknowledgements 8
Contents 9
1 Introduction 13
1.1 About the contents of this book 15
1.2 Historical remarks 22
1.3 References 28
2 Methods in Trauma Biomechanics 29
2.1 Statistics, field studies, databases 29
2.2 Basic concepts of biomechanics 33
2.3 Injury criteria, injury scales and injury risk 38
2.4 Accident reconstruction 42
2.5 Experimental models 46
2.6 Standardised test procedures 51
2.6.1 Anthropomorphic test devices 59
2.7 Numerical methods 66
2.8 Summary 70
2.9 Exercises 71
2.10 References 72
3 Head Injuries 75
3.1 Anatomy of the head 75
3.2 Injuries and injury mechanisms 77
3.3 Mechanical response of the head 82
3.4 Injury criteria for head injuries 87
3.4.1 Head Injury Criterion (HIC) 87
3.4.2 Head Protection Criterion (HPC) 89
3.4.3 3 ms criterion (a3ms) 89
3.4.4 Generalized Acceleration Model for Brain Injury Threshold (GAMBIT) 89
3.5 Head injuries in sports 91
3.6 Head injury prevention 96
3.6.1 Head injury prevention in pedestrians 97
3.7 Summary 100
3.8 Exercises 100
3.9 References 101
4 Spinal Injuries 106
4.1 Anatomy of the spine 107
4.2 Injury mechanisms 110
4.3 Biomechanical response and tolerances 118
4.4 Injury criteria 123
4.4.1 Neck injury criterion NIC 124
4.4.2 Nij neck injury criterion 125
4.4.3 Neck protection criterion Nkm 126
4.4.4 Lower Neck Load Index (LNL) 129
4.4.5 Neck injury criteria in ECE and FMVSS 130
4.4.6 Further neck injury criteria 132
4.4.7 Correlating neck injury criteria to the injury risk 133
4.5 Spinal injuries in sports 135
4.6 Prevention of soft tissue neck injury 137
4.6.1 Head restraint geometry and padding material 138
4.6.2 Controlling head restraint position 140
4.6.3 Controlling seat back motion 142
4.7 Summary 144
4.8 Exercises 144
4.9 References 145
5 Thoracic Injuries 154
5.1 Anatomy of the thorax 154
5.2 Injury mechanisms 156
5.2.1 Rib fractures 158
5.2.2 Lung injuries 159
5.2.3 Injuries to other thoracic organs 160
5.3 Biomechanical response 164
5.3.1 Frontal loading 164
5.3.2 Lateral loading 168
5.4 Injury tolerances and criteria 170
5.4.1 Acceleration and force 170
5.4.2 Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI) 171
5.4.3 Compression Criterion (C) 172
5.4.4 Viscous Criterion (VC) 172
5.4.5 Combined Thoracic Index (CTI) 173
5.4.6 Other criteria 173
5.5 Thoracic injuries in sports 174
5.6 Summary 174
5.7 Exercises 174
5.8 References 176
6 Abdominal Injuries 179
6.1 Anatomy of the abdomen 179
6.2 Injury mechanisms 180
6.3 Testing the biomechanical response 183
6.4 Injury tolerance 185
6.4.1 Injury criteria 186
6.5 Influence of seat belt use 187
6.6 Abdominal injuries in sports 188
6.7 Summary 188
6.8 Exercises 188
6.9 References 189
7 Injuries of the Pelvis and the Lower Extremities 192
7.1 Anatomy of the lower limbs 192
7.2 Injury mechanisms 194
7.2.1 Injuries of the pelvis and the proximal femur 199
7.2.2 Leg, knee and foot injury 201
7.3 Impact tolerance of the pelvis and the lower extremities 203
7.4 Injury criteria 207
7.4.1 Compression force 208
7.4.2 Femur Force Criterion (FFC) 208
7.4.3 Tibia Index (TI) 208
7.4.4 Other criteria 209
7.5 Pelvic and lower extremity injuries in sports 209
7.6 Prevention of lower extremity injuries 213
7.6.1 Pedestrian injury countermeasures 214
7.7 Summary 215
7.8 Exercises 215
7.9 References 217
8 Injuries of the Upper Extremities 222
8.1 Anatomy of the upper limbs 222
8.2 Injury incidences and mechanisms 224
8.3 Impact tolerance 226
8.4 Injury criteria and evaluation of injury risk from airbags 228
8.5 Upper extremity injuries in sports 230
8.6 Summary 235
8.7 Exercises 235
8.8 References 236
9 Impairment and injuries resulting from chronic mechanical exposure 240
9.1 Occupational health 244
9.2 Sports 246
9.2.1 Non contact sports 246
9.2.2 Contact sports 248
9.3 Household work 248
9.4 Summary 248
9.5 References 249
10 Solutions to exercises 251
11 Subject Index 255