Control of Poultry Mites (Dermanyssus) (eBook)

Dr Olivier Sparagano is a Senior Lecturer in Animal Production Science and the Director of Research in the School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development at Newcastle University, UK. He is currently the President of the Society for Tropical Veterinary Medicine and the Honorary Meetings Secretary of the British Society for Parasitology. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed scientific publications and over 200 conference abstracts on parasitology and related topics.

Control of poultry mites: where do we stand? 7
Prevalence and key figures for the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae infections in poultry farm systems 9
Introduction 10
Poultry data 10
Red mite prevalence 12
Associated costs 12
Prevalence seems to be dependent of several parameters 12
Discussion and conclusions 13
References 15
Evaluation of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae) susceptibility to some acaricides in field populations from Italy 17
Abstract 17
Introduction 18
Materials and methods 19
Results 19
Discussion 20
Acknowledgments 22
References 23
Exploration of the susceptibility of AChE from the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Mesostigmata) to organophosphates in field isolates from France 25
Abstract 25
Introduction 25
Materials and methods 27
Mites 27
AChE assays 27
Basic principle 27
Preliminary assays for the validation of the test 28
Exploration of kinetic parameters of extracted AChE 28
OP inhibitory assay 28
Progressive inhibition of AChE activity by OP over time 29
Screening of 39 field populations 29
Statistical analysis 29
Results 29
Validation of AChE extraction 29
Kinetic parameters of AChE in Dermanyssus gallinae 31
AChE inhibition screening 32
Discussion 32
Validation of the tests 32
Kinetics 32
Screening of 39 field populations 34
Conclusion 34
Acknowledgments 35
References 35
In vitro efficacies of oils, silicas and plant preparations against the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae 37
Abstract 37
Introduction 37
Materials and methods 38
Dermanyssus gallinae 38
Test substances 39
In vitro assay 39
Oils and plant preparations 39
Silicas (powders and liquid formulation) 39
Data analysis 39
Results 42
Oils 42
Silicas 42
Plant preparations 42
Discussion 42
Acknowledgments 46
References 46
Variation in chemical composition and acaricidal activity against Dermanyssus gallinae of four eucalyptus essential oils 48
Abstract 48
Introduction 48
Materials and methods 49
Acaricidal effect 50
Essential oil composition 50
Results 50
Acaricidal effect 50
Essential oil composition 51
Discussion 51
Acknowledgments 54
References 54
Inert dusts and their effects on the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) 56
Introduction 56
Materials and methods 57
Mites 57
Inert dusts 58
Evaporation experiments 58
Tarsal exposure tests 59
Data analysis 59
Results 60
Evaporation experiment 60
Tarsal exposure test 63
Discussion 63
References 66
Candidate predators for biological control of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae 68
Introduction 69
Materials and methods 70
Mite inventory of poultry houses 70
Mite inventory of starling nests 70
Statistical analysis of mite-mite associations 71
Predation tests 71
Haematophagy tests 72
Results 72
Mite inventory of poultry houses and starling nests 72
Mite-mite associations 74
Predation tests 75
Haematophagy tests 77
Discussion 78
Appendix 82
References 83
The testing of antibodies raised against poultry red mite antigens in an in vitro feeding assay preliminary screen for vaccine candidates
Abstract 86
Introduction 87
Materials and methods 88
Dermanyssus gallinae used in the experiments 88
Fractionation of Dermanyssus gallinae proteins 88
Immunisation of hens with the four protein fractions 88
PAGE gel and Western blots 89
Antibody extraction from egg yolk for in vitro assay 89
In vitro feeding assay 89
Results 91
Protein fractionation 91
Immunoreactivity of chickens to protein fractions 92
In vitro feeding assay 92
Discussion 93
Acknowledgments 95
References 95
The poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae): a potential vector of pathogenic agents 97
Abstract 97
Introduction 97
Materials and methods 101
Dermanyssus gallinae as an experimental vector of Salmonella enteritidis 101
Natural carriage of Salmonella by Dermanyssus gallinae in poultry farms 102
Dermanyssus gallinae as the carrier of other bacteria in poultry farms 102
Results and discussion 103
Conclusions 105
Acknowledgments 106
References 106
Endosymbiotic bacteria living inside the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) 109
Abstract 109
Introduction 110
Materials and methods 111
Poultry red mites 111
Red mite preparation 111
DNA extraction and PCR amplification of endosymbiotic bacteria DNA 111
Universal PCR amplification of 16S rDNA fragments and TTGE analysis 111
Specific PCR amplification of endosymbiontic bacteria DNA 112
DNA sequencing 112
Results 113
Nucleotide sequence accession numbers 113
BLAST queries 114
Discussion 114
Acknowledgments 115
References 115
Molecular phylogenetic assessment of host range in five Dermanyssus species 118
Abstract 118
Introduction 119
Materials and methods 120
Field sampling 120
Restricted study areas 120
Nests' analysis 120
Molecular analysis 120
Phylogenetic reconstruction 123
Bioassays 123
Results 125
Inventory of Dermanyssus species from wild and domestic bird 125
Apus apus, the black swift 129
Sturnus vulgaris, the European starling 129
Parus major and P. caeruleus, the great tit and the blue tit 129
Alaudidae, the larks 130
Hirundinidae, the swallows 130
Phylogenetic analysis 130
Populations sharing haplotypes 130
Observed host range 131
Comparison between literature and field data 131
Host transfer of populations from four Dermanyssus species 133
D. gallinae 133
D. longipes and D. carpathicus 133
D. hirundinis 133
Discussion 133
D. gallinae: several lineages, some more specialized than others 133
Assessments on host specificity using observed host range and ecological observations 134
Host spectrum enlarging within the most synanthropic clade (D. gallinae) 134
Host switches via nest sharing of host birds 135
Synanthropicity and nest microenvironment 136
Role of the ecosystem in the nest environment 136
Perspectives 137
Acknowledgments 137
Appendix 138
References 145
Phylogenetic relationship between Dermanyssus gallinae populations in European countries based on mitochondrial COI gene sequences 146
Abstract 146
Introduction 146
Materials and methods 147
Mite samples 147
DNA extraction and detection of Dermanyssus gallinae 148
PCR amplification and DNA sequencing 148
Phylogenetic analysis 149
Results 149
Sequences analysis 149
Intra genetic variability and pairwise comparisons between samples 149
UK samples 149
French samples 154
Italian samples 155
Amino acid sequences 155
Phylogenetic analysis 155
Discussion and conclusion 155
Acknowledgments 157
References 157
Monitoring of Dermanyssus gallinae in free-range poultry farms 159
Abstract 159
Introduction 160
Materials and methods 161
The farms 161
Description of the traps used 161
Examination of the bird droppings 162
Experimental design 162
Statistical data analysis 162
Results 163
Comparison of the different methods for quantitative evaluation of the presence of Dermanyssus gallinae in a flock 163
Performance of the various assessment methods when there is a sudden fall in the population of Dermanyssus gallinae 164
Comparison of the number of mites obtained from six areas of the same building 164
Discussion 166
Acknowledgments 167
References 167
Preventing introduction and spread of Dermanyssus gallinae in poultry facilities using the HACCP method 169
Abstract 169
Introduction 169
HACCP development 170
Hazard analysis 171
Critical control point identification 171
Establishing critical limits 179
Monitoring 179
Corrective actions 180
Documentation and validation 180
Checklist 180
Conclusions and discussion 181
Acknowledgments 182
References 182