Mass Vaccination: Global Aspects - Progress and Obstacles (eBook)

Preface 5
List of Contents 7
List of Contributors 9
Mass Vaccination: When and Why 10
1 The Concept of Mass Vaccination 11
2 Mass vaccination in the Twentieth Century—Smallpox Eradication 12
3 Routine Immunization and Mass Vaccination Today— A Necessary Alliance 13
4 Preventing Emerging Outbreaks 14
5 Mass Vaccination to Accelerate Disease Control 19
6 Mass Vaccination in the Twenty-First Century 22
References 23
Mass Vaccination and Surveillance/Containment in the Eradication of Smallpox 26
1 Background 27
2 Initial Plans for Mass Vaccination Against Measles and Smallpox inWest Africa 27
3 Contrasting Epidemiology of Measles and Smallpox inWest Africa 28
4 Observations Leading to Increased Importance of Surveillance and Outbreak Containment 29
5 Change in Strategy, 1968 30
6 Elements of the Surveillance/Outbreak Containment Strategy 31
7 Results inWest Africa 32
8 Results in Asia 33
9 Validation by Mathematical Modeling 34
10 Summary and Conclusions 35
References 35
Mass Immunization Programs: Principles and Standards 40
1 Introduction 41
2 Applications forMass Immunization 42
3 PolicyMaking and Planning 44
4 Military Cohorts as Examples 46
5 Implementation Issues 47
6 Conclusion 57
References 58
Immunization Campaigns in the UK 62
1 Introduction 63
2 UK Activities 66
3 Immunization Campaigns in the UK 67
4 Annual Influenza Campaigns 76
5 Conclusion 77
References 78
Diphtheria 80
1 Clinical Picture and Pathophysiology of Diphtheria 81
2 Diphtheria Immunization 83
3 Epidemiology 84
4 Diphtheria Outbreaks and Control 86
5 Diphtheria Epidemic in the Countries of the Former Soviet Union 90
References 101
Universal Mass Vaccination Against Hepatitis A 104
1 Introduction 105
2 Virology and Epidemiology of HAV 106
3 Disease Burden 108
4 Vaccine Properties and Vaccination Policies 109
5 Early Demonstration Projects 111
6 Planned Mass Prevention Programmes Carried Out 111
7 Is Elimination or Even Eradication Possible? 117
References 119
Mass Vaccination Against Hepatitis B: The French Example 124
1 Introduction 125
2 Epidemiology and Carrier Rate of HBV in France 126
3 French Immunization Strategies 128
4 Hepatitis B Immunization Coverage 133
5 Conclusion 136
References 137
Mass Vaccination for Annual and Pandemic Influenza 140
1 Influenza Disease and Vaccine 141
2 Mass Vaccination for Annual Influenza Epidemics 143
3 Mass Vaccination for Pandemic Influenza 148
4 The Future ofMass Vaccination for Annual and Pandemic Influenza 157
References 159
Is Global Measles Eradication Feasible? 162
1 Background 163
2 Measles Eradication in theWestern Hemisphere 163
3 Strategies 165
4 Results 169
5 Lessons Learned 170
6 Conclusion 171
References 172
Measles Aerosol Vaccination 174
1 Measles Disease Burden 175
2 New Approaches to Measles Control 175
3 Benefits of Measles Vaccination via the Respiratory Route 177
4 The Aerosol Method Using the Classic Mexican Device 177
5 Experience in Administration of Measles Vaccine via the Respiratory Route 181
6 Future Challenges 197
7 The Measles Aerosol Project 198
8 Conclusions 198
References 199
Mass Vaccination Campaigns for Polio Eradication: An Essential Strategy for Success 204
1 Introduction 205
2 Early Polio Control Efforts 206
3 Oral Poliovirus Vaccine 207
4 Mass Vaccination in the Polio Eradication Era 212
5 Programmatic Aspects of Mass Campaigns 214
6 The Future: OPV Use in Campaigns Post-Polio Eradication 223
7 Conclusions 224
References 225
Rubella Mass Campaigns 230
1 Introduction 230
2 Other Regions 234
3 Rubella Campaigns 236
4 Conclusions 238
References 238
Mass Vaccination to Control Epidemic and Endemic Typhoid Fever 240
1 Introduction 240
2 Mass Vaccination with Typhoid Vaccines 244
References 252
Mass Vaccination: Solutions in the Skin 256
1 Introduction 257
2 Structure of the Skin 258
3 The Skin as the Best Site for Vaccination 260
4 The Safety and Immunogenicity of an Adjuvant on the Skin 265
5 Mass Vaccination: Logistics of an Anthrax Patch 272
6 Conclusions 273
References 273
Subject Index 278