The Vascular Endothelium I (eBook)

Preface 5
List of Contents 7
Contents of Companion Volume 176/II 8
List of Contributors 9
Normal Endothelium 10
1 Central Functional Role of the Endothelium 11
2 Heterogeneity of Endothelial Cells 12
3 Glycocalyx and Endothelial Surface Layer 25
References 37
Functional Ultrastructure of the Vascular Endothelium: Changes in Various Pathologies 50
1 Introduction 51
2 The Many Functions of the Endothelium Enable It to Be Called the Chief Governor of Body Homeostasis 52
3 The Endothelial Cell Structure Supports the Cell Functions 53
4 Basal Lamina 63
5 Innate Phenotypic Heterogeneity of the Vascular Endothelium 65
6 Endothelial Cell Receptors as Operational Tools 66
7 Mechanisms of Endothelial Sorting of Molecules 68
8 Changes of the Vascular Endothelium in Different Pathologies 70
9 Conclusion: Lessons from a Brave Cell 75
References 76
Development of the Endothelium 79
1 Introduction 80
2 Early Endothelial Precursors 81
3 Molecular Differentiation of EC 85
4 Development of Mural Cells 90
5 Endothelium Morphogenesis 98
6 Development of Arteries and Veins 101
7 Concluding Remarks 105
References 105
Transport Across the Endothelium: Regulation of Endothelial Permeability 114
1 Permeability Pathways: Paracellular and Transcytosis 115
2 Mechanisms of Dysregulation of Endothelial Permeability in Inflammation 132
3 Restoration of Endothelial Permeability 137
4 Concluding Remarks 140
References 141
Calcium Signalling in the Endothelium 152
1 Introduction 153
2 Generation of Second Messengers that Release Ca2+ from Intracellular Ca2+ Stores 154
3 Intracellular Ca2+ Stores in Endothelial Cells 157
4 Ca2+ Channels in Endothelial Cells 159
5 Types of Ca2+ Entry in Endothelial Cells 165
6 Regulation of Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry 168
7 Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Ca2+ Signalling 176
8 Conclusions 181
References 184
Eicosanoids and the Vascular Endothelium 195
1 Introduction 196
2 The COX Pathway 197
3 COX Inhibitors 207
References 210
Nitric Oxide and the Vascular Endothelium 218
1 Introduction 219
2 Nitric Oxide Synthase 220
3 Actions of Nitric Oxide in the Vascular System 227
4 Molecular Targets of the Action of Nitric Oxide 232
5 Nitric Oxide and Pathology 236
6 Conclusion 241
References 241
Angiotensin, Bradykinin and the Endothelium 260
1 Angiotensin 261
2 Bradykinin 269
3 Angiotensin–BK Interactions 273
4 Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) 279
References 283
Endothelin 300
1 Introduction 301
2 Endothelins and Sarafotoxins 302
3 Endothelin Synthesis 304
4 Endothelin Receptors 310
5 Physiological and Pathophysiological Role 315
6 Conclusions 322
References 323
Subject Index 335
Publisher’s Erratum to The Vascular Endothelium I: Transport Across the Endothelium: Regulation of Endothelial Permeability 344