Nutrition and Metabolism (eBook)

About the Editor 6
About the Series Editor 8
Dedication 10
Series Preface 11
Preface 16
Contents 17
Contributors 20
I SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM 22
Nutrition and the Metabolic Syndrome: A Twenty- First- Century Epidemic of Obesity and Eating Disorders 23
1. CAN WE DISCERN HOPEFUL SIGNS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE CURRENT DIFFICULTIES CREATED BY THESE DISEASE STATES? 24
2. EPIDEMIOLOGY TRENDS IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS 25
3. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXOGENOUS INFLUENCES AS OPPORTUNITIES FOR PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTIONS 25
4. MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE LINK BETWEEN NUTRITION, METABOLISM, AND DISEASE STATES AS OPPORTUNITIES FOR MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS 26
5. HOW EFFECTIVE ARE WE IN ACHIEVING OUR GOALS? 26
6. WHERE WOULD WE LIKE TO BE IN THE NOT SO DISTANT FUTURE? 26
7. WHAT CAN WE RECOMMEND TODAY? 27
II GENETICS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 28
Genes and Gene–Environment Interactions in the Pathogenesis of Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome 29
1. OBESITY 29
2. THE METABOLIC SYNDROME AND TYPE 2 DIABETES 34
3. TYPE 1 DIABETES 41
4. GENE–ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION 44
5. FUTURE DIRECTIONS 46
REFERENCES 46
Environmental Inputs, Intake of Nutrients, and Endogenous Molecules Contributing to the Regulation of Energy Homeostasis 58
1. INTRODUCTION 58
2. INPUTS IMPORTANT IN THE REGULATION OF ENERGY HOMEOSTASIS 59
3. ENVIRONMENTAL INPUTS 60
4. NUTRIENTS 61
5. HORMONES 63
6. CONCLUSION 78
REFERENCES 78
Central Integration of Environmental and Endogenous Signals Important in the Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Expenditure 93
1. CENTRAL REGULATION OF ENERGY HOMEOSTASIS 94
2. ENERGY EXPENDITURE IN ENERGY HOMEOSTASIS 106
REFERENCES 113
Insulin Resistance in States of Energy Excess: Underlying Pathophysiological Concepts 123
1. INTRODUCTION 123
2. THE METABOLIC SYNDROME 124
3. DYSFUNCTION AND DYSREGULATION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE 126
4. INSULIN RESISTANCE AS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESS 127
5. IMPACT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS AND LIPID METABOLISM ON INSULIN RESISTANCE: EFFECTS OF LIPOTOXICITY 128
6. LIPODYSTROPHY AND INSULIN RESISTANCE 128
7. THE ROLE OF ADIPOKINES IN INSULIN RESISTANCE 129
8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 133
REFERENCES 133
III PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE 139
Targeting Childhood Obesity Through Lifestyle Modification 140
1. INTRODUCTION 140
2. DIETARY CHANGES 141
3. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTERVENTIONS 142
4. BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION 143
5. THE ROLE OF PARENTS 143
6. IMPLEMENTATION OF PROGRAMS 144
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS 144
REFERENCES 145
Diet and Physical Activity in the Prevention of Obesity 149
1. DIETARY FAT 150
2. DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES 152
3. MEDITERRANEAN-TYPE DIETS 153
4. INDIVIDUAL FOODS AND BEVERAGES 154
5. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 157
6. SUMMARY 159
REFERENCES 160
Diet and Exercise in the Prevention and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome 162
1. INTRODUCTION 163
2. DEFINITION AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE METABOLIC SYNDROME 163
3. PREVENTION OF RISK FACTORS FOR METABOLIC SYNDROME: THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL FITNESS/ ACTIVITY AND OF DIETARY FACTORS 164
4. CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF METABOLIC SYNDROME 165
5. CONCLUSION 168
REFERENCES 168
Diet and Physical Activity in Cancer Prevention 174
1. INTRODUCTION 174
2. TEMPORAL CHANGES IN CANCER INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY 174
3. MODIFIABLE CAUSES OF CANCER 179
4. DIET AND CANCER 185
5. OBESITY, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND CANCER 195
6. GUIDELINES FOR CANCER PREVENTION 197
7. MEDITERRANEAN DIET AND CANCER 199
REFERENCES 200
IV NUTRITION RECOMMENDATIONS 206
Food Guide Pyramids and the 2005 MyPyramid 207
1. HISTORY OF THE DIETARY GUIDELINES AND THE FOOD PYRAMIDS 207
2. THE 2005 MYPYRAMID 209
3. SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE UNDERLYING THE CREATION OF MYPYRAMID 211
4. MEDITERRANEAN-TYPE DIET PYRAMID 214
5. CONCLUSIONS 215
REFERENCES 216
Nutrition Recommendations for the General Population: Where Is the Science? 220
1. DIETARY GUIDANCE: WHERE IS THE SCIENCE? 220
2. DIETARY FAT AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE 222
3. DIETARY FAT AND CANCER 224
4. DIETARY FAT AND BODY FAT 225
5. CARBOHYDRATES 225
6. FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 226
7. PROTEIN SOURCES 227
8. DAIRY FOODS 227
9. THE OVERALL IMPACT OF FOLLOWING THE USDA FOOD PYRAMID 228
10. THE 2005 USDA MYPYRAMID AND AN ALTERNATIVE 228
11. FUTURE NEEDS 230
12. CONCLUSION 230
REFERENCES 230
Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Subjects with Cardiovascular Disease 232
1. INTRODUCTION: PREVENTION 233
2. ASSESSMENT 234
3. GOALS OF NUTRITION INTERVENTION 234
4. NUTRIENTS AND CVD 236
5. FOOD GROUPS AND CVD 240
6. WHOLE DIET APPROACH AND CVD 243
7. SUPPLEMENTS 245
8. ACHIEVING A HEALTHY BODY WEIGHT 247
9. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 248
10. NUTRITION COUNSELING AND ADHERENCE ISSUES IN PATIENTS WITH CVD 249
11. CONCLUSION 250
REFERENCES 250
Medical Nutrition Therapy in the Treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes 256
1. TYPE 1 DIABETES 257
2. TYPE 2 DIABETES 262
3. EXERCISE 267
4. CONCLUSION 268
REFERENCES 268
V CLINICAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 272
Mediterranean Diet in Disease Prevention: Current Perspectives 273
1. INTRODUCTION 273
2. WHAT CONSTITUTES A MEDITERRANEAN DIET? 274
3. DEFINING THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET 275
4. MEDITERRANEAN DIET AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 277
5. MEDITERRANEAN DIET, THE METABOLIC SYNDROME, AND TYPE 2 DIABETES 280
6. MEDITERRANEAN DIET AND CANCER 281
7. MEDITERRANEAN DIET AND OBESITY 283
8. MEDITERRANEAN DIET AND OVERALL MORTALITY 283
9. CONCLUSIONS 284
REFERENCES 285
Lifestyle and Pharmacology Approaches for the Treatment of Hypertension and Hyperlipidemia 289
1. INTRODUCTION 289
2. LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION 290
3. DRUG TREATMENT FOR PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION 291
4. VASCULAR REMODELING IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION 292
5. LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS FOR PATIENTS WITH HYPERLIPIDEMIAS 293
6. ASSESSING CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA 293
7. HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA AS A RISK FACTOR FOR HEART DISEASE 294
8. TREATMENT FOR PATIENTS WITH HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA 294
9. AGGRESSIVE LDL LOWERING IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES 295
10. PLAQUE STABILIZATION AND REGRESSION OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS WITH LIPID LOWERING THERAPY 296
11. SUMMARY 296
REFERENCES 296
Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Medical Management of Obesity and Diabetes 299
1. INTRODUCTION 299
2. OBESITY 299
3. METABOLIC SYNDROME 314
4. DIABETES 317
5. SUMMARY 332
REFERENCES 332
Surgical Management of Obesity and Postoperative Care 339
1. INTRODUCTION 339
2. PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION 341
3. CURRENTLY PERFORMED SURGERIES 342
4. SURGICAL OUTCOMES 346
5. MECHANISMS OF SURGICALLY INDUCED WEIGHT LOSS 348
6. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND FOLLOW-UP 349
7. CONCLUSION 352
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 352
REFERENCES 352
Long-Term Impact of Weight Loss on Obesity and Obesity- Associated Comorbidities 356
1. INTRODUCTION 356
2. BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATIONS: DIET AND EXERCISE 357
3. PHARMACOTHERAPY 360
4. BARIATRIC SURGERY 362
5. CONCLUSIONS 371
REFERENCES 371
VI APPENDIX 378
Methods for Classifying, Diagnosing, and Monitoring Obesity 379
Methods for Classifying, Diagnosing, and Monitoring Type II Diabetes 392
Major Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Subjects with Hyperlipidemia, Hypertension, and/ or Diabetes 399
VII RESOURCES 411
Resources 412
1. INTRODUCTION 412
2. DIABETES ORGANIZATIONS 412
3. OBESITY ORGANIZATIONS 414
4. NUTRITION 415
5. ORGANIZATIONS OF COMMON INTEREST 417
Index 419