Basics of Aerothermodynamics (eBook)

Table of Contents 8
1 Introduction 13
1.1 Classes of Hypersonic Vehicles and their Aerothermodynamic Peculiarities 13
1.2 RV-Type and CAV-Type Flight Vehicles as .Reference Vehicles 17
1.3 The Objectives of Aerothermodynamics 20
1.4 The Thermal State of the Surface and Radiation-Cooled Outer Surfaces as Focal Points 21
1.5 Scope and Content of the Book 24
References 25
2 The Flight Environment 27
2.1 The Earth Atmosphere 27
2.2 Atmospheric Properties and Models 30
2.3 Flow Regimes 33
2.4 Problems 37
References 38
3 The Thermal State of the Surface 40
3.1 Definitions 40
3.2 The Radiation-Adiabatic Surface 44
3.2.1 Introduction and Local Analysis 44
3.2.2 The Radiation-Adiabatic Surface and Reality 50
3.2.3 Qualitative Behaviour of the Radiation-Adiabatic Temperature on Real Configurations 53
3.2.4 Non-Convex Effects 55
3.2.5 Scaling of the Radiation-Adiabatic Temperature 59
3.2.6 Some Parametric Considerations of the Radiation-Adiabatic Temperature 62
3.3 Case Study: Thermal State of the Surface of a Blunt Delta Wing 65
3.3.1 Configuration and Computation Cases 65
3.3.2 Topology of the Computed Skin-Friction and Velocity Fields 66
3.3.3 The Computed Radiation-Adiabatic Temperature Field 69
3.4 Results of Analysis of the Thermal State of the Surface in View of Flight-Vehicle Design 74
3.5 Problems 75
References 77
4 Transport of Momentum, Energy and Mass 80
4.1 Transport Phenomena 81
4.2 Transport Properties 85
4.2.1 Introduction 85
4.2.2 Viscosity 86
4.2.3 Thermal Conductivity 87
4.2.4 Mass Diffusivity 89
4.2.5 Computation Models 91
4.3 Equations of Motion, Initial Conditions, Boundary Conditions, and Similarity Parameters 92
4.3.1 Transport of Momentum 92
4.3.2 Transport of Energy 98
4.3.3 Transport of Mass 105
4.4 Remarks on Similarity Parameters 109
4.5 Problems 110
References 110
5 Real-Gas Aerothermodynamic Phenomena 112
5.1 Van der Waals Effects 113
5.2 High-Temperature Real-Gas Effects 115
5.3 Dissociation and Recombination 119
5.4 Thermal and Chemical Rate Processes 119
5.5 Rate Effects, Two Examples 124
5.5.1 Normal Shock Wave in Presence of Rate Effects 124
5.5.2 Nozzle Flow in a "Hot" Ground-Simulation Facility 127
5.6 Surface Catalytic Recombination 132
5.7 A Few Remarks on Simulation Issues 138
5.8 Computation Models 139
5.9 Problems 141
References 142
6 Inviscid Aerothermodynamic Phenomena 145
6.1 Hypersonic Flight Vehicles and Shock Waves 146
6.2 One-Dimensional Shock-Free Flow 151
6.3 Shock Waves 156
6.3.1 Normal Shock Waves 156
6.3.2 Oblique Shock Waves 162
6.3.3 Treatment of Shock Waves in Computational Methods 171
6.4 Blunt-Body Flow 173
6.4.1 Bow-Shock Stand-OfF Distance at a Blunt Body 173
6.4.2 The Entropy Layer at a Blunt Body 179
6.5 Supersonic Turning: Prandtl-Meyer Expansion and Isentropic Compression 184
6.6 Change of Unit Reynolds Number Across Shock Waves 188
6.7 Newton Flow 191
6.7.1 Basics of Newton Flow 191
6.7.2 Modification Schemes, Application Aspects 194
6.8 Mach-Number Independence Principle of Oswatitsch 198
6.9 Problems 204
References 206
7 Attached High-Speed Viscous Flow 209
7.1 Attached Viscous Flow 210
7.1.1 Attached Viscous Flow as Flow Phenomenon 210
7.1.2 Some Properties of Three-Dimensional Attached Viscous Flow 211
7.1.3 Boundary-Layer Equations 212
7.1.4 Global Characteristic Properties of Attached Viscous Flow 220
7.1.5 Wall Compatibility Conditions 223
7.1.6 The Reference Temperature/Enthalpy Method for Compressible Boundary Layers 227
7.1.7 Equations of Motion for Hypersonic Attached Viscous Flow 229
7.2 Basic Properties of Attached Viscous Flow 233
7.2.1 Boundary-Layer Thicknesses and Integral Parameters 233
7.2.2 Boundary-Layer Thickness at Stagnation Point and Attachment Lines 246
7.2.3 Wall Shear Stress at Flat Surface Portions 248
7.2.4 Wall Shear Stress at Attachment Lines 252
7.2.5 Thermal State of Flat Surface Portions 255
7.2.6 Thermal State of Stagnation Point and Attachment Lines 258
7.3 Case Study: Wall Temperature and Skin Friction at the SANGER Forebody 261
7.4 Problems 267
References 268
8 Laminar-Turbulent Transition and Turbulence in High-Speed Viscous Flow 272
8.1 Laminar-Turbulent Transition as Hypersonic Flow Phenomenon 275
8.1.1 Some Basic Observations 276
8.1.2 Outline of Stability Theory 279
8.1.3 Inviscid Stability Theory and the Point-of-Inflexion Criterion 282
8.1.4 Influence of the Thermal State of the Surface and the Mach Number 284
8.1.5 Real Flight-Vehicle Effects 287
8.1.6 Environment Aspects 300
8.2 Prediction of Stability/Instability and Transition in High-Speed Flows 303
8.2.1 Stability/Inst ability Theory and Methods 303
8.2.2 Transition Models and Criteria 305
8.2.3 Determination of Permissible Surface Properties 309
8.2.4 Concluding Remarks 309
8.3 Turbulence Modeling for High-Speed Flows 310
References 312
9 Strong Interaction Phenomena 320
9.1 Flow Separation 321
9.2 Shock/Boundary-Layer Interaction Phenomena 327
9.2.1 Ramp-Type (Edney Type V and VI) Interaction 328
9.2.2 Nose/Leading-Edge-type (Edney Type III and IV) Interaction 337
9.3 Hypersonic Viscous Interaction 341
9.4 Low-Density Effects 353
9.5 Problems 359
References 359
10 Simulation Means 365
10.1 Some Notes on Flight Vehicle Design 365
10.2 Computational Simulation 372
10.3 Ground-Facility Simulation 377
10.4 In-Flight Simulation 381
References 382
11 The RHPM-Flyer 388
12 Governing Equations for Flow in General Coordinates 392
13 Constants, Functions, Dimensions and Conversions 396
13.1 Constants and and Air Properties 396
13.2 Dimensions and Conversions 397
References 399
14 Symbols 400
14.1 Latin Letters 400
14.2 Greek Letters 402
14.3 Indices 404
14.3.1 Upper Indices 404
14.3.2 Lower Indices 404
14.4 Other Symbols 406
14.5 Acronyms 406
Name Index 407
Subject Index 413
Permissions 419