Biochemistry

1. Amino Acids and Proteins.- Amino Acids.- Protein Structure: General.- Collagen and Fibrous Proteins.- Hemoglobin.- Plasma Proteins.- Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation.- Genetic Diseases.- Review Questions on Amino Acids and Proteins.- 2. Enzymes.- Nature of Enzymes.- Enzyme Kinetics.- Effects of Kinetic Parameters on Enzyme Activity.- General Aspects.- Review Questions on Enzymes.- 3. Carbohydrates.- Structural Aspects of Carbohydrates.- Digestion.- Glycolysis.- Entry of Other Hexoses into the Glycolytic Pathway.- Metabolism of Pyruvate.- Regulation of Glycolysis.- Pentose Phosphate Pathway.- Gluconeogenesis.- Glycogen Metabolism.- Glycogen Storage Diseases.- Hormonal Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism.- Review Questions on Carbohydrates.- 4. Energetics and Biological Oxidation.- Concepts in Biological Oxidation.- Metabolism of Pyruvate to Carbon Dioxide.- Electron Transfer via the Respiratory Chain.- Chemi-Osmotic Theory of Oxidative Phosphorylation.- Review Questions on Energetics and Biological Oxidation.- 5. Amino Acid Metabolism.- Functions of Amino Acids in Man.- Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids.- Nitrogen Balance.- Protein Quality.- Protein Digestion.- Amino Acid Absorption.- Amino Acid Degradation.- The Urea Cycle (Krebs-Henseleit Cycle).- Excretion of Free Ammonia.- Degradation of the Carbon Skeletons.- One-Carbon Fragment Metabolism.- Metabolism of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine.- General Precursor Functions of Amino Acids.- Review Questions on Amino Acid Metabolism.- 6. Porphyrins.- Structure and Chemistry.- Metabolism.- Disorders of Porphyrin and Heme Metabolism.- Genetic Diseases.- Review Questions on Porphyrins.- 7. Lipids.- Classification of Lipids.- Functions of Lipids.- Digestion and Absorption of Lipids.- Fatty Acids.- Ketone Bodies.- Triacylglycerols.- Phospholipids.- Glycosphingolipids (Glycolipids).- Lipoproteins.- Genetic Diseases.- Review Questions on Lipids.- 8. Steroids.- Cholesterol: Structure and Chemistry.- Occurrence and Function.- Biosynthesis of Cholesterol.- Metabolism of Cholesterol.- Action of Steroid Hormones.- Cholesterol Levels.- Disorders of Cholesterol and Steroid Metabolism.- Cholesterol in Perspective.- Review Questions on Steroids.- 9. Membranes.- Overview.- Chemistry and Structure.- Functions.- Review Questions on Membranes.- 10. Nutrition.- Major Nutrients.- Micronutrients.- Review Questions on Nutrition.- 11. Purines and Pyrimidines.- Structure and Nomenclature.- Synthesis of Nucleoside Diphosphates and Triphosphates.- Purine Metabolism.- Pyrimidine Metabolism: Biosynthesis.- Deoxyribonucleotides Are Formed by Reduction of Ribonucleoside Diphosphates by Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase (Ribonucleotide Reductase).- Some Anticancer Drugs Act by Blocking Deoxythmidylate Synthesis.- Functions of Nucleotides.- Review Questions on Purines and Pyrimidines.- 12. Nucleic Acids: Structure and Synthesis.- DNA.- RNA.- Review Questions on Nucleic Acids.- 13. Protein Biosynthesis.- Cellular Machinery.- Information Transfer.- Peptide Bond Formation.- Postribosomal Modification of Proteins.- Some Antibiotics Acting as Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis.- Review Questions on Protein Biosynthesis.- 14. Medical Genetics.- Basic Genetics.- Mutations.- Recombinant DNA Techniques.- Genetic Diagnostic Techniques.- Gene Therapy.- Well-Known Genetic Diseases.- Review Questions on Medical Genetics.