Textbook of Gastroenterology

Tadataka Yamada, MD is President of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Global Health Program, where he leads the foundation's efforts to apply technological solutions to the healthcare problems of the developing world. Dr. Yamada was chairman of R&D at GlaxoSmithKline from 2001-2006, and joined the company's Board in 2004. Previously, he was Chairman of the Department of Internal Medicine at the University of Michigan Medical School and Physician-in-Chief of the University of Michigan Medical Center. He is past President of the Association of American Physicians, past President of the American Gastroenterological Association, Master of the American College of Physicians and a member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. David H. Alpers, MD , William B. Kountz Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA Anthony N. Kalloo, MD , Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Director, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Neil Kaplowitz, MD , Thomas H. Brem Chair, Professor of Medicine, Chief, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases; Director, Liver Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA Chung Owyang, MD , Professor of Internal Medicine; H. Marvin Pollard Collegiate Professor and Chief, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Don W. Powell, MD , The Bassel and Frances Blanton Distinguished Professor of Internal Medicine; Professor, Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Program Director, General Clinical Research Center; Director, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA

PART I: Basic Mechanisms of Normal and Abnormal Gastrointestinal Function . A: Components . 1. Integrative Responses of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver to a Meal. Stephen J. Pandol, Helen E. Raybould, Hal F. Yee Jr. 2. The Enteric Nervous System and Its Extrinsic Connections. John B. Furness, Trung V. Nguyen, Kulmira Nurgali, Yasutake Shimizu. 3. Sensory Neurons of the Gastrointestinal Tract. John B. Furness. 4. Gastrointestinal Hormones and Receptors. Laurence J. Miller. 5. The Brain-Gut Axis. Graham J. Dockray. 6. Smooth Muscle of the Gut. Gabriel M. Makhlouf, Karnam S. Murthy. 7. The Mucosal Immune System and Gastrointestinal Inflammation. Fabio Cominelli, Kristen O. Arseneau, Richard S. Blumberg, William F. Stenson, Theresa T. Pizarro. 8. Epithelia: Biological Principles of Organization. Jerrold R. Turner, James L. Madara. B: Motility . 9. Esophageal Motor Function. Peter J. Kahrilas, John E. Pandolfino. 10. The Physiology of Gastric Motility and Gastric Emptying. William L. Hasler. 11. Motility of the Small Intestine and Colon. William L. Hasler. 12. Motility of the Biliary Tract. Garm M. HAwe, Peter L. Moses, Gino T.P. Saccone, Maria J. Pozo. C: Secretion and Absorption . 13. Gastric Secretion. John Del Valle, Andrea Todisco. 14. Electrolyte Secretion and Absorption: Small Intestine and Colon. Stephen J. Keely, Marshall H. Montrose, Kim E. Barrett. 15. Pancreatic Secretion. Chung Owyang, John A. Williams. 16. Bile Secretion and Cholestasis. Steven A. Weinman, Sajid Jalil. D: Nutrition. 17. Carbohydrate Assimilation. Eric Sibley. 18. Intestinal Lipid Absorption. William Sun, Chun-Min Lo, Patrick Tso. 19. Protein Digestion and Assimilation. Vadviel Ganapathy, Malliga E. Ganapathy, Frederick H. Leibach. 20. Vitamins and Minerals. Charles H. Halsted, Mark A. Levine, Bo L. Lonnerdal, Robert B. Rucker. 21. General Nutritional Principles. David H. Alpers, Beth Taylor, Samuel Klein. E: Miscellaneous . 22. Gastrointestinal Blood Flow. Philip T. Nowicki, D. Neil Granger. 23. Development of the Gastrointestinal System. Ben Z. Stanger, Daniel K. Podolsky. 24. Neoplasia of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Barbara H. Jung, C. Richard Boland, John M. Carethers. 25. The Human Intestinal Microbiota and Microbiome. Ruth E. Ley, Jeffrey I. Gordon. 26. Drug Metabolism and Transport in the Liver and Intestine. Paul B. Watkins. 27. Pathogenesis of Hepatic Fibrosis. Ramon Bataller, David A. Brenner. 28. Hepatic Regeneration. George K. Michalopoulos, Marie C. DeFrances. 29. Molecular Biological Approaches to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases. David A. Brenner, Robert Schwabe, Christoph Oesterreicher. PART II: Gastrointestinal Diseases . A: Esophagus . 30. Esophagus: Anatomy, Developmental and Structural Anomalies. Ikuo Hirano. 31. Motility Disorders of the Esophagus. Peter J. Kahrilas, John E. Pandolfino. 32. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Joel E. Richter. 33. Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Marc E. Rothenberg, Glenn T. Furuta. 34. Esophageal Infections and Disorders Associated with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. C. Mel Wilcox. 35. Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Stuart Jon Spechler, Rhonda F. Souza. 36. Esophageal Neoplasms. Weijing Sun, Anil K. Rustgi. 37. Miscellaneous Diseases of the Esophagus: Foreign Bodies, Physical Injury, Systemic and Dermatological Diseases. Evan S. Dellon, Nicholas J. Shaheen. B: Stomach. 38. Stomach and Duodenum: Anatomy and Structural Anomalies. Jean-Pierre Raufman, Eric Goldberg. 39. Disorders of Gastric Emptying. Henry P. Parkman, Frank K. Friedenberg, Robert S. Fisher. 40. Peptic Ulcer Disease. Andrew H. Soll, David Y. Graham. 41. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. John Del Valle. 42. Gastritis and Gastropathy. Mark Kay Washington, Richard M. Peek Jr. 43. Tumors of the Stomach. Wai K. Leung, Enders K.W. Ng, Joseph J.Y. Sung. 44. Surgery for Peptic Ulcer Disease and Postgastrectomy Syndromes. Robert E. Glasgow, Sean J. Mulvihill. 45. Miscellaneous Diseases of the Stomach. John C. Rabine, Timothy T. Nostrant. C: Small Intestine . 46. Small Intestine: Anatomy and Structural Anomalies. Deborah C. Rubin. 47. Dysmotility of the Small Intestine and Colon. Michael Camilleri, Lawrence Szarka. 48. Bacterial, Viral, and Toxic Causes of Diarrhea, Gastroenteritis, and Anorectal Infections. Phillip I. Tarr, Dorsey M. Bass, Gail A. Hecht. 49. Chronic Infections of the Small Intestine. George T. Fantry, Lori E. Fantry, Stephen P. James. 50. Celiac Disease. Peter H.R. Green, Anne R. Lee. 51. Disorders of Epithelial Transport in the Small Intestine. Martin G. Martin, Ernest M. Wright. 52. Bacterial Overgrowth. Philip M. Sherman, Karen L. Madsen. 53. Short Bowel Syndrome. Richard N. Fedorak, Lana Bistritz. 54. Tumors of the Small Intestine. Robert S. Bresalier, Sharmila Anandasabapathy. 55. Miscellaneous Diseases of the Small Intestine. Marc S. Levin, C. Prakash Gyawali. D: Colon . 56. Colon: Anatomy and Structural Anomalies. Steven M. Cohn, Elisa H. Birnbaum, Charles M. Friel. 57. Inflammatory Bowel Disease. William F. Stenson, Stephen B. Hanauer, Russell D. Cohen. 58. Surgical Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Emily Finlayson, Fabrizio Michelassi. 59. Miscellaneous Inflammatory and Structural Disorders of the Colon. Meredythe A. McNally, Thomas C. Smyrk, William J. Tremaine. 60. Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Chung Owyang. 61. Diverticular Disease of the Colon. Tonia M. Young-Fadok, Michael G. Sarr. 62. Colorectal Cancer Screening. Graeme P. Young, James E. Allison. 63. Neoplastic and Nonneoplastic Polyps of the Colon and Rectum. Finlay A. Macrae, Graeme P. Young. 64. Polyposis Syndromes. Randall W. Burt, Russell F. Jacoby. 65. Malignant Tumors of the Colon. Francis M. Giardiello, Stanley R. Hamilton. 66. Anorectal Diseases. Adil E. Bharucha, Arnold Wald. E: Pancreas . 67. Pancreas: Anatomy and Structural Anomalies. David G. Heidt, Michael W. Mulholland, Diane M. Simeone. 68. Acute Pancreatitis. Mark Topazian, Stephen J. Pandol. 69. Chronic Pancreatitis. Chung Owyang, Matthew J. DiMagno. 70. Non-Endocrine Tumors of the Pancreas. James J. Farrell, Howard A. Reber. 71. Endocrine Neoplasms of the Pancreas. Robert T. Jensen. 72. Hereditary Diseases of the Pancreas. Jonathan A. Cohn. F: Gallbladder and Biliary Tract . 73. Gallbladder and Biliary Tract: Anatomy and Structural Anomalies. Theodore H. Welling, Diane M. Simeone. 74. Gallstones. Cynthia W. Ko, Sum P. Lee. 75. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Other Cholangiopathies. Kymberly D.S. Watt, Jayant A. Talwalkar, Russell H. Wiesner. 76. Cystic Diseases of the Liver and Biliary Tract. Jung W. Suh, Albert J. Chang, Shelly C. Lu. 77. Tumors of the Biliary Tract. Christopher J. Smolock, Jeffrey A. Drebin. 78. Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction (Post-Cholecystectomy Syndrome). John O. Clarke, Anthony N. Kalloo. G: Liver . 79. Liver: Anatomy, Microscopic Structure, and Cell Types. Gary C. Kanel. 80. Acute Viral Hepatitis. Marc G. Ghany, T. Jake Liang. 81. Chronic Hepatitis B Viral Infection. Robert G. Gish, Stephen Locarnini. 82. Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Aijaz Ahmed, Emmet B. Keeffe. 83. Drug-induced Liver Disease. William M. Lee, Emmanuel Seremba. 84. Autoimmune Hepatitis. E. Jenny Heathcote. 85. Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. Marlyn J. Mayo, Dwain L. Thiele. 86. Hemochromatosis. Jacob Alexander, Kris V. Kowdley. 87. Metabolic Diseases of the Liver. Ronald J. Sokol. 88. Alcoholic Liver Diseases. Suthat Liangpunsakul, David W. Crabb. 89. Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Arun J. Sanyal. 90. Ascites and its Complications. Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao. 91. Central Nervous System and Pulmonary Complications of End-Stage Liver Diseases. Javier Vaquero, Andres T. Blei, Roger F. Butterworth. 92. Liver Transplantation. Francis Y.K. Yao, Sandy Feng, Nathan M. Bass. 93. Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Lewis R. Roberts, Gregory J. Gores. 94. Liver Abscess. David S. Raiford. 95. Vascular Diseases of the Liver. Laurie D. DeLeve. 96. Experimental Therapies: Hepatocyte Transplantation, Gene Therapy and Liver Assist Devices. Jayanta Roy-Chowdhury, Namita Roy-Chowdhury, Simon P. Horslen, Ira J. Fox. 97. Liver Biopsy and Histopathological Diagnosis. Sugantha Govindarajan, Maurizio Bonacini. H: Abdominal Cavity . 98. Abdominal Cavity: Anatomy, Structural Anomalies, and Hernias. Sareh Parangi, Richard A. Hodin. 99. Intra-abdominal Abscesses and Fistulae. Paul Knechtges, Ellen M. Zimmermann. 100. Diseases of the Peritoneum, Retroperitoneum, Mesentery and Omentum. Shawn D. Larson, B. Mark Evers. I: Miscellaneous . 101. Approach to the Patient Requiring Nutritional Supplementation. David H. Alpers, Beth Taylor, Samuel Klein. 102. Approach to the Patient with Obesity. Louis A. Chaptini, Steven R. Peikin. 103. Eating Disorders. Henry C. Lin, Eric E. Stone. 104. Complications of AIDS and Other Immunodeficiency States. Phillip D. Smith, Edward N. Janoff. 105. Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Immunologic Disorders. Fergus Shanahan. 106. Parasitic Diseases: Protozoa. Ellen Li, Samuel L. Stanley Jr. 107. Parasitic Diseases: Helminths. Carlos Seas, Martin Montes, A. Clinton White Jr. 108. Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Manifestations of Specific Genetic Disorders. Elizabeth M. Petty. 109. Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Systemic Diseases. Joel S. Levine. 110. Skin Lesions Associated with Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases. Matilde Iorizzo, Joseph L. Jorizzo. 111. Oral Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Diseases. John C. Rabine, Timothy T. Nostrant. 112. Gastrointestinal Vascular Malformations or Neoplasms: Aterial, Venous, Arteriovenous, and Capillary. Mitchell S. Cappell. 113. Intestinal Ischemia. Julian Panes, Josep M. Pique. 114. Radiation Injury in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Steven M. Cohn, Stephen J. Bickston. 115. Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Gastroenterology. Craig J. McClain, Gerald W. Dryden, Kristine Krueger. PART III: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Modalities in Gastroenterology. A: Endoscopic . 116. Reprocessing of Gastrointestinal Endoscopes and Accessories. Gregory Zuccaro Jr. 117. Sedation and Monitoring for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Hala Fatima, Douglas K. Rex. 118. Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. William R. Brugge. 119. Capsule and Small Bowel Endoscopy. C. Paul Swain. 120. Colonoscopy and Flexible Sigmoidoscopy. Jerome D. Waye, Christopher B. Williams, Sharmila Anandasabapathy. 121. Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Sphincterotomy and Stone Removal, and. Endoscopic Biliary and Pancreatic Drainage. Tony E. Yusuf, Daniel K. Mullady, David L. Carr-Locke. 122. Gastrointestinal Dilation and Stent Placement. James D. Lord, Richard A. Kozarek. 123. Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy. Brian J. Dunkin, Jeffrey L. Ponsky. 124. Management of Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Related to Portal Hypertension. Paul J. Thuluvath. 125. Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment of Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. David J. Bjorkman. 126. Endoscopic Therapy for Polyps and Tumors. Sergey V. Kantsevoy. 127. Laparoscopy and Laparotomy. Wenliang Chen, David W. Rattner. B: Imaging . 128. Plain and Contrast Radiology. Marc S. Levine, Stephen E. Rubesin, Hans Herlinger, Igor Laufer. 129. Diagnostic Sonography. Philip W. Ralls, R. Brooke Jeffrey Jr, Robert A. Kane, Michelle L. Robbin. 130. Endoscopic Ultrasonography. Sanjay B. Jagannath, Marcia I. Canto. 131. Applications of Computed Tomography to the Gastrointestinal Tract. Karen M. Horton, Pamela T. Johnson, Elliot K. Fishman, Alec J. Megibow. 132. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Diane Bergin, Donald G. Mitchell. 133. Positron Emission Tomography. Uri Ladabaum, Satoshi Minoshima. 134. Applications of Radionuclide Imaging in Gastroenterology. Harvey A. Ziessman. 135. Angiography. Kyung J. Cho. 136. Interventional Radiology. Kyung J. Cho. C: Pathology. 137. Endoscopic Mucosal Biopsy. Elizabeth Montgomery, Anthony N. Kalloo. D: GI Function Studies . 138. Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Motility: Emerging Methodologies. John W. Wiley, Chung Owyang. 139. Tests of Gastric and Exocrine Pancreatic Function and Absorption. William D. Chey, Matthew J. DiMagno, William Y. Chey. 140. Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES). Samuel A. Giday, Anthony N. Kalloo