Pediatric Cardiology for Practitioners

Part I Basic Tools in Routine Evaluation of Cardiac Patients Chapter 1 * History Taking * Gestational and Natal History * Postnatal History * Family History Chapter 2 * Physical Examination * Growth Pattern * Inspection * Palpation* Blood Pressure Measurement * Auscultation * Some Special Features of the Cardiac Examination of Neonates Chapter 3 * Electrocardiography * What Is the Vectorial Approach? * Comparison of Pediatric and Adult Electrocardiograms * Basic Measurements and Their Normal and Abnormal Values Necessary for Routine Interpretation of an Electrocardiogram * Ventricular Hypertrophy * Ventricular Conduction Disturbances * ST-Segment and T-Wave Changes Chapter 4 * Chest Roentgenography * Heart Size and Silhouette * Evaluation of Cardiac Chambers and Great Arteries * Pulmonary Vascular Markings * Systematic Approach Chapter 5 * Flow Diagrams Part II Special Tools in Evaluation of Cardiac Patients Chapter 6 * Noninvasive Techniques * Echocardiography * Stress Testing * Long-Term ECG Recording * Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Chapter 7 * Invasive Procedures * Cardiac Catheterization and Angiocardiography* Catheter Intervention Procedures Part III Pathophysiology Chapter 8 * Fetal and Perinatal Circulation * Fetal Circulation * Changes in Circulation after Birth * Premature Newborns Chapter 9 * Pathophysiology of Left-to-Right Shunt Lesions * Atrial Septal Defect * Ventricular Septal Defect* Patent Ductus Arteriosus * Endocardial Cushion Defect Chapter 10 * Pathophysiology of Obstructive and Valvular Regurgitation Lesions * Obstruction to Ventricular Output * Stenosis of Atrioventricular Valves * Valvular Regurgitant Lesions Chapter 11 * Pathophysiology of Cyanotic Congenital Heart Defects * Clinical Cyanosis * Common Cyanotic Heart Defects Part IV Specific Congenital Heart Defects Chapter 12 * Left-to-Right Shunt Lesions * Atrial Septal Defect * Ventricular Septal Defect * Management * Patent Ductus Arteriosus * Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Neonates * Complete Endocardial Cushion Defect * Partial Endocardial Cushion Defect * Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return Chapter 13 * Obstructive Lesions * Pulmonary Stenosis * Aortic Stenosis * Coarctation of the Aorta * Interrupted Aortic Arch Chapter 14 * Cyanotic Congenital Heart Defects * Approach to a Cyanotic Neonate * Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries * Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries * Tetralogy of Fallot * Tetralogy of Fallot with Pulmonary Atresia (Pulmonary Atresia and Ventricular Septal Defect) * Tetralogy of Fallot with Absent Pulmonary Valve * Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return * Tricuspid Atresia * Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum * Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome * Ebstein's Anomaly * Persistent Truncus Arteriosus * Single Ventricle * Double-Outlet Right Ventricle * Heterotaxia (Atrial Isomerism, Splenic Syndromes) * Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn Chapter 15 * Vascular Ring * Prevalence * Pathology * Clinical Manifestations * Diagnosis * Management Chapter 16 * Chamber Localization and Cardiac Malposition * Chamber Localization * Dextrocardia and Mesocardia Chapter 17 * Miscellaneous Congenital Cardiac Conditions * Aneurysm of the Sinus of Valsalva * Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (Bland-White-Garland Syndrome, ALCAPA Syndrome) * Aortopulmonary Septal Defect * Arteriovenous Fistula, Coronary * Arteriovenous Fistula, Pulmonary * Arteriovenous Fistula, Systemic * Atrial Septal Aneurysm * Cervical Aortic Arch * Common Atrium * Cor Triatriatum * DiGeorge Syndrome * Double-Chambered Right Ventricle * Ectopia Cordis * Hemitruncus Arteriosus * Idiopathic Dilation of the Pulmonary Artery * Kartagener Syndrome * Parachute Mitral Valve * Patent Foramen Ovale * Pericardial Defect, Congenital * Pseudocoarctation of the Aorta * Pulmonary Artery Stenosis * Scimitar Syndrome * Systemic Venous Anomalies Part V Acquired Heart Disease Chapter 18 * Primary Myocardial Disease * Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy * Infants of Diabetic Mothers * Transient Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Neonates * Dilated or Congestive Cardiomyopathy * Endocardial Fibroelastosis * Doxorubicin Cardiomyopathy * Carnitine Deficiency* Restrictive Cardiomyopathy * Right Ventricular Dysplasia * Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy Chapter 19 * Cardiovascular Infections * Infective Endocarditis * Myocarditis * Pericarditis * Constrictive Pericarditis * Kawasaki Disease * Lyme Carditis * Postpericardiotomy Syndrome * Postperfusion Syndrome * Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Chapter 20 * Acute Rheumatic Fever * Prevalence * Cause * Pathology * Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis * Differential Diagnosis * Clinical Course * Management * Prognosis * Prevention Chapter 21 * Valvular Heart Disease * Mitral Stenosis * Mitral Regurgitation * Aortic Regurgitation * Clinical Manifestations * Mitral Valve Prolapse Chapter 22 * Cardiac Tumors * Prevalence * Pathology * Clinical Manifestations * Management Chapter 23 * Cardiovascular Involvement in Systemic Diseases * Mucopolysaccharidoses * Systemic Lupus Erythematosus * Rheumatoid Arthritis * Friedreich's Ataxia * Muscular Dystrophy * Myotonic Dystrophy * Marfan Syndrome * Acute Glomerulonephritis * Hyperthyroidism: Congenital and Acquired* Hypothyroidism: Congenital and Acquired * Sickle Cell Anemia Part VI Arrhythmias and Atrioventricular Conduction Disturbances Chapter 24 * Cardiac Arrhythmias * Rhythms Originating in the Sinus Node * Rhythms Originating in the Atrium * Rhythms Originating in the Atrioventricular Node * Rhythms Originating in the Ventricle * Long QT Syndrome * Short QT Syndrome * Brugada Syndrome Chapter 25 * Disturbances of Atrioventricular Conduction * First-Degree Atrioventricular Block * Second-Degree Atrioventricular Block * Third-Degree Atrioventricular Block * Atrioventricular Disassociation Chapter 26 * Cardiac Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators in Children * ECGs of Artificial Cardiac Pacemakers * Pacemaker Therapy in Children * Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapy Part VII Special Problems Chapter 27 * Congestive Heart Failure * Definition * Cause * Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart Failure * Diagnosis * Management Chapter 28 * Systemic Hypertension * Definition * Normative Blood Pressure Standards * Cause * Diagnosis and Workup * Management * Hypertensive Crisis Chapter 29 * Pulmonary Hypertension * Definition * Cause * Physiology * Pathogenesis * Pathology * Pathophysiology * Clinical Manifestations * Natural History * Diagnosis * Management * Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia * Diaphragmatic Hernia Chapter 30 * Child with Chest Pain * Cause and Prevalence * Clinical Manifestations * Diagnostic Approach * Management Chapter 31 * Syncope * Prevalence * Definition * Causes * Evaluation of a Child with Syncope * Treatment * Differential Diagnosis Chapter 32 * Palpitation * Definition and Description * Causes * Evaluation * Management Chapter 33 * Dyslipidemia and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors * Childhood Onset of Coronary Artery Disease * Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome * Dyslipidemia * Other Risk Factors * Practice of Preventive Cardiology Chapter 34 * Athletes with Cardiac Problems * Sudden Unexpected Death in Young Athletes* Preparticipation Screening * Classification of Sports * Eligibility Determination for Athletes with Cardiovascular Diseases * Cardiac Arrhythmias and Sports * Athletes with Systemic Hypertension Chapter 35 * Cardiac Transplantation * Indications * Selection of the Recipient * Evaluation and Management of the Cardiac Donor * Informed Consent from the Family and Recipient * Operative Technique * Early Postoperative Management * Late Post-Transplantation Follow-up * Prognosis Appendices Appendix A Miscellaneous Appendix B Blood Pressure Values Appendix C Cardiovascular Risk Factors Appendix D Normal Echocardiographic Values and Images Appendix E Drugs Used in Pediatric Cardiology Suggested Readings Index