Textbook of Urinalysis and Body Fluids

Quality assurance and safety in the clinical laboratory: quality assurance in the clinical laboratory; safety in the clinicla laboratory. Introduction to urinalysis and body fluids: bodt fluids - general concepts; urinalysis - history and imporatnance. Anatomy and physiology of the urinary tract: the urinary system; renal anatomy; the nephrion; renal physiology and formation of urine; composition of urine; volume of urine; renal function tests. Urine specimens: types of specimens; containers - specimen handling and preservation; quality control. Instrumentation in the urinalysis and body fluids laboratory: osmometers and the measurement of osmolality; instruments to read reagent strips; instruments to read reagent strips and analyze sediment. Physical examination of urine: appearance; odour; volume; concentration of dissolved solutes; quailty control. Chemical examination of urine: reagent strips; tablet and chemical tests; pH; protein; glucose; ketones; blood; bilirubin and urobilinogen; nitrite; leukocytes; specific gravity; ascorbic acid; quality control. The microscope: introduction; the light microscope; routine procedures. Microscopic examination of urine sediment: significance of formed elements in urine; methodology and quality assurance; formed elements in urinary sediment. Disease correlations: diseases of the urinary tract; metabolic diseases and screening tests; diseases of other organ systems. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis: cerebrospinal fluid formation, circulation composition; specimen collection; examination; clinical correlations; quality control. Seminal fluid analysis: physiology and composition; collection; physical examination; microscopic examination. Amniotic fluid: anatomy and physiology; specimen collection and handling; physical examination; microscopic examination; clinical disorders and analysis of amniotic fluid. Synovial fluid analysis: physiology and composition; classification of joint disorders; specimen collection; gross examination; cell counts and microscopic examination; chemical examination; microbiologic examination; quality control. Serous fluid analysis: classification of fluids; terminology - transudates and exudates; specimen collection; cell counts and microscopic examination; chemical examination; microbiologic examination; quality control. Bronchial washings and bronchalveolar lavage: specimen collection and clinical correlations. Appendices: relative centrifugal force nomograph; nomograph for the determination of body surface area; cell counts using a hemacytometer.