Capute and Accardo's Neurodevelopmental Disabilities in Infancy and Childhood

Dr. Fatima Ismail is an assistant professor of paediatric neurology and developmental medicine at the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University and an adjunct assistant professor of neurology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. She received her Bachelor of medicine and Bachelor of surgery (M.B.B.S.) degree from UAE University, completed paediatric residency training at the Harriet Lane program at Johns Hopkins Hospital, and advanced training in the Johns Hopkins/Kennedy Krieger conjoint residency in Paediatric Neurology and Neurodevelopmental Disabilities. Dr. Ismail is a diplomate of the American Board of Paediatrics. She is a member of the American Academy of Neurology (AAN), the Child Neurology Society (CNS), the American Neurological Association (ANA) and the International Child Neurology Association (ICNA). Her clinical interest is in improving the neurodevelopmental outcomes of children with acute brain injury (stroke and traumatic brain injury) by implementing brain protective measures and protocols in the neonatal and paediatric intensive care units, and establishing a comprehensive multidisciplinary neuroplasticity-informed neurodevelopmental follow-up programs. Her research focus is on understanding changes in structural, functional and effective connectivity in the developing brain as a function of maturation and following injury using non-invasive brain stimulation (transcranial magnetic stimulation/transcranial direct current stimulation) coupled with EEG and advanced neuroimaging techniques (diffusion tensor imaging and functional MRI). Dr. Pasquale Accardo is Professor of Pediatrics at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond. He received his medical degree from Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York; completed his pediatric residency at James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, and obtained his developmental pediatrics training at the John F. Kennedy Institute for Handicapped Children (now called the Kennedy Krieger Institute), an affiliate of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. He is subcertified in neurodevelopmental disabilities in pediatrics by the American Board of Pediatrics. Dr. Accardo is the author and editor of several books including Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Clinical Spectrum (York Press, 2001); Austim: Clinical and Research Issues (York Press, 2000), and Developmental Disabilities in Infancy and Childhood, Second Edition, Volumes I and II (Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., 1996). Dr. Bruce Shapiro is a professor of pediatrics at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Arnold J. Capute, M.D., M.P.H., Chair in Neurodevelopmental Disabilities. He serves as vice president of training at Kennedy Krieger Institute and is responsible for the design and implementation of the interdisciplinary training program, as well as for training Johns Hopkins residents and medical students who pursue electives at the institute. He also leads the Kennedy Krieger/Johns Hopkins Neurodevelopmental Disabilities Residency Program, the nation’s largest and most established program of its kind, and serves as director of the Institute’s Maternal and Child Health Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental and Other Related Disabilities (LEND) Program. Dr. Shapiro serves on the advisory board of the NIH study of early childcare; a longitudinal multisite study that is assessing the effects of different types of childcare on children's development. He serves on the data safety and monitoring board of a NINDS study for children with Rett Syndrome. His research focuses on the identification, assessment and therapy of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Section 1. Spectrum of Developmental Disabilities
1. Definition and conceptualization
2. Typical neurodevelopment
3. What causes NDD?
4. Themes from the neuroscience of NDD
5. Clinical phenotypes of NDD: definition and examples (DSMV or ICD-10)
6. Risk/Screening and Early identification

Section 2. Diagnostic Processes
7. History and physical examination
8. Neurodevelopmental examination (age specific, standardized tools, value of serial evaluations, developmental curves, the 3 Ds: delay, dissociation and deviance)
9. Clinical formulationsi

Section 3. Etiologic Evaluation (indications, advantages, disadvantages, utility, methods, interpretation)
10. Neuroimaging: (Fetal MRI, Head US, brain MRI: structural, functional, metabolic, connectomics)
11. Genetic evaluation (karyotyping, SNP and next generation sequencing)
12. Electrophysiology
13. Neuropsychology and education
14. PT/OT
15. Speech and Language
16. Vision and hearing evaluation
17. Family functioning / social
18. Continuum of NDD expression – comorbidities and differential diagnosis

Section 4. NDD beyond the diagnosis: Management/Therapy
19. Prevention (primary, secondary and tertiary)
20. Early intervention (Utility and Futility)
21. Management vs Therapy: (intensity, duration, success, failure, costs, utility and futility)
22. Specific therapiesi
23. The medical home and interdisciplinary care
24. Community support and advocacy
25. Telemedicine
26. Management/therapy in low resource settings
27. Preparing for the many transitionsi

Section 5. Future Directionsi. Research in NDD
28. Limitations and challenges
29. From observation to intervention