Advances in Health and Disease

This edited volume presents recent updates in the fields of health and disease. Chapter One studies Noroviruses are known as causative agents of sporadic infections and epidemic outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in humans. Chapter Two presents the harmful effects of fluoride intake, fluorosis induction, and provides relevant information about oxidative stress caused by fluoride both in in vivo and in vitro studies. Chapter Three suggested that a comparison of multiple prediction models, the time series model, produced the most accurate and better forecast value for the COVID-19 outbreak. Chapter Four targets type-2 diabetes is an immune-metabolic disorder characterized by low grade inflammation, pancreatic β cell dysfunction; insulin insufficiency or resistance. Chapter Five focus studies to explore this aspect of the immune defect and develop new tools for its comprehensive evaluation. Chapter Six studies are revealing how variations and changes in the composition of the gut microbiota influence normal physiology and contribute to diseases ranging from inflammation to obesity. Chapter Seven aims to evaluate the available literature regarding the antimicrobial effects of thymol and thymol nanoformulations. It also covers the recent advances in applications of thymol as antimicrobial agent. Chapter 8 review possible thrombotic mechanisms in antiphospholipid syndrome from the clinician point of view who treats thrombotic complication but is one who should also take out preventive measures. The level at which preventive action is possible is strict control of primarily cardiovascular risk factors, control of the activity of autoimmune diseases, and full thrombophilia screening. Finally, Chapter Nine discusses thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 patients is a common finding, recent studies have reported an unusually high prevalence of thrombotic complications which was the reason for the measuring of aPL. The aPLs in COVID-19 patients are mainly directed against b2GPI but display an epitope specificity different from that of the antibodies in antiphospholipid syndrome. Coagulopathy and vasculopathy are initial stages in both COVID-19 infection and APS sharing three similar stages.