Yamada's Textbook of Gastroenterology

Timothy C. Wang, MD, Chief, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases; Silberberg Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA.

Michael Camilleri, MD, Atherton and Winifred W. Bean Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA.

Benjamin Lebwohl, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.

Anna S. Lok, MD, Alice Lohrman Andrews Research Professor of Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

William J. Sandborn, MD, Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.

Kenneth K. Wang, MD, Russell G. and Kathleen M. Van Cleve Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Gary D. Wu, MD, Ferdinand G. Weisbrod Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Contributors xi

Preface xxiii

Foreword by Tadataka Yamada xxv         

About the companion website xxvii

Part 1 General principles

1 Development and differentiation of the gastrointestinal system 3
Jianwen Que and Daniel K. Podolsky

2 Gut stem cells and tissue renewal 31
Johan H. van Es, Sina Bartfeld, and Hans Clevers

3 Esophagus: anatomy and structural anomalies 42
Ikuo Hirano

4 Stomach and duodenum: anatomy and structural anomalies 60
Erik C. von Rosenvinge and Jean‐Pierre Raufman

5 Small intestine: anatomy and structural anomalies 72
Anisa Shaker and Deborah C. Rubin

6 Colon: anatomy and structural anomalies 93
Bo Shen

7 Pancreas: anatomy and structural anomalies 114
Kazuki N. Sugahara and John A. Chabot

8 Abdominal cavity: anatomy, structural anomalies, and hernias 131
Stella Joyce, Kevin P. Murphy, Michael M. Maher, and Owen J. O’Connor

9 Gallbladder and biliary tract: anatomy and structural anomalies 146
Theodore H. Welling

10 Liver: anatomy, microscopic structure, and cell types 157
Maria Westerhoff and Laura Lamps

11 Gastrointestinal blood flow 168
Brian D. Hosfield and Troy A. Markel

12 The innervation of the gastrointestinal tract 191
John B. Furness, Ruslan V. Pustovit, Linda J. Fothergill, Rachel M. McQuade, and Martin J. Stebbing

Volume One

13 Smooth muscle and pacemakers of the gut 213
Kenton M. Sanders and Brian A. Perrino

14 Mucosal immune system 242
Lars Eckmann and Giorgos Bamias

15 Epithelia and gastrointestinal function 271
Sandra D. Chanez‐Paredes, and Jerrold R. Turner

16 Electrolyte secretion and absorption in the small intestine and colon 283
Kim E. Barrett and Stephen J. Keely

17 Gastric secretions 313
John Geibel

18 Pancreatic secretion 334
Kristyn Gumpper, Luis F. Lara, Zobeida Cruz‐Monserrate, and Darwin L. Conwell

19 Bile secretion and cholestasis 352
James E. Squires and Andrew P. Feranchak

20 General nutritional principles 376
Xiaowen Fan, Rebecca Rudel, Matthew Berger, Melissa Hershman, and David S. Seres

21 Nutrient digestion, absorption, and sensing 408
Shrinivas Bishu and Eamonn M. M. Quigley

22 Vitamins and minerals 426
Berkeley N. Limketkai, Laura E. Matarese, and Gerard E. Mullin

23 Nutrition Support 457
Dong Wook Kim and David S. Seres

24 Control of food intake 478
Andres Acosta

25 Eating disorders 487
Leslie Sim, Jocelyn Lebow, and Janna R. Gewirtz O’Brien

26 The aging gastrointestinal tract: digestive and motility problems 505
Michael Camilleri

27 Neoplasia of the gastrointestinal tract 512
E. Ramsay Camp, Denise I. Garcia, and Raymond N. DuBois

28 Drug metabolism, transport, and pharmacogenomics 522
Ann M. Moyer and Joel M. Reid

29 Medical Decision Making 540
John M. Inadomi

Part 2 Symptom management

30 Approach to the patient with dysphagia, odynophagia, or noncardiac chest pain 551
Albert J. Bredenoord

31 Approach to the patient with dyspepsia and related functional gastrointestinal complaints 560
Jan Tack

32 Approach to the patient with unintentional weight loss 567
Anupam Rej and David S. Sanders

33 Approach to the patient with nausea and vomiting 577
Brian E. Lacy and David Cangemi

34 Approach to the patient with abdominal pain, gas, and bloating 599
Amrit K. Kamboj and Amy S. Oxentenko

35 Approach to the patient with diarrhea 629
Gail A. Hecht and Judy A. Trieu

36 Approach to the patient with constipation 653
Satish S.C. Rao

37 Approach to the patient with acute abdomen 680
Courtney B. Sherman and Kenneth McQuaid

38 Approach to the patient with gastrointestinal bleeding 697
Kevin A. Ghassemi and Dennis M. Jensen

39 Approach to the patient with abnormal liver chemistries or jaundice 720
Yumi Ando and Joseph Ahn

Part 3 Gastrointestinal diseases

40 Approach to gastrointestinal and liver diseases in pregnancy 733
Stacy Menees and Grace L. Su

41 Genetic counseling for gastrointestinal patients 764
Veroushka Ballester and Fay Kastrinos

42 Motility Disorders of the Esophagus 787
John E. Pandolfino, David A. Katzka, and Peter J. Kahrilas

43 Gastroesophageal reflux disease 815
Sabine Roman, John E. Pandolfino, and Peter J. Kahrilas

44 Eosinophilic esophagitis 839
Nirmala Gonsalves and David A. Katzka

45 Esophageal infections and disorders associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 847
C. Mel Wilcox

46 Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma 859
Stuart Jon Spechler, David H. Wang, and Rhonda F. Souza

47 Esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and other neoplasms 894
Adam J. Bass and Anil K. Rustgi

48 Miscellaneous diseases of the esophagus: foreign bodies, physical injury, and systemic and dermatological diseases 909
Craig C. Reed, Evan S. Dellon, and Nicholas J. Shaheen

49 Peptic ulcer disease 924
Mohammad Yaghoobi and David Armstrong

50 Zollinger–Ellison syndrome 977
David C. Metz and Robert T. Jensen

51 Gastritis and gastropathy 1004
Mary Kay Washington and Richard M. Peek Jr

52 Tumors of the stomach 1023
Emad M. El- Omar and Howard Yim

53 Miscellaneous diseases of the stomach 1047
Tamas A. Gonda and Abraham Krikhely

Volume Two

Contributors xi

Preface xxiii

Foreword by Tadataka Yamada xxv

About the companion website xxvii

Part 3 Gastrointestinal diseases (Continued)

54 Normal gastric emptying and disorders of gastric emptying 1061
Henry P. Parkman

55 Dysmotility of the small intestine and colon 1093
David O. Prichard and Lawrence Szarka

56 Celiac disease 1122
Daniel A. Leffler, Melinda Dennis, and Benjamin Lebwohl

57 Disorders of epithelial transport, metabolism, and digestion in the small intestine 1137
Sushila R. Dalal and Carol E. Semrad

58 Bacterial overgrowth 1155
Eamonn M.M. Quigley, Magnus Simrén, and Stephen J. Vanner

59 Short bowel syndrome and small bowel transplantation 1168
John K. DiBaise, Samuel Kesseli, and Debra Sudan

60 Tumors of the small intestine 1190
M. Rosario Ferreira and Barbara Jung

61 Miscellaneous diseases of the small intestine 1213
Marc S. Levin

62 Inflammatory bowel diseases: pathogenesis 1232
Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan, Ramnik J. Xavier, and Daniel K. Podolsky

63 Ulcerative colitis: clinical manifestations and management 1248
Siddharth Singh and Parambir S. Dulai

64 Crohn’s disease: clinical manifestations and management 1294
Christina Ha, Dermot McGovern, and Gil Y. Melmed

65 Surgical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease 1324
Amy L. Lightner and Stefan D. Holubar

66 Microscopic colitis, checkpoint inhibitor colitis, and other miscellaneous inflammatory and structural disorders of the colon 1354
Amanda M. Johnson, Eugene F. Yen, Edward V. Loftus Jr, and Darrell S. Pardi

67 Irritable bowel syndrome 1374
Elizabeth J. Videlock and Lin Chang

68 Anorectal diseases 1408
Adil E. Bharucha and Robert R. Cima

69 Diverticular disease of the colon 1433
Mona Rezapour and Neil Stollman

70 Polyps of the colon and rectum 1447
John J. Garber and Daniel C. Chung

71 Polyposis syndromes 1464
Marcia Cruz‐Correa and Lizmar Cerezo

72 Malignant tumors of the colon 1490
Jay Luther and Andrew T. Chan

73 Colorectal cancer screening 1522
Uri Ladabaum

Part 4 Pancreatico-biliary disease

74 Acute pancreatitis 1549
Timothy B. Gardner

75 Autoimmune pancreatitis 1591
Sushil Kumar Garg, Phil A. Hart, and Suresh T. Chari

76 Chronic pancreatitis 1602
Mitchell L. Ramsey, Darwin L. Conwell, and Phil A. Hart

77 Pancreatitis of genetic and complex etiologies 1616
David C. Whitcomb

78 Cystic lesions of the pancreas 1643
James J. Farrell

79 Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas 1666
Kazuki N. Sugahara, Paul T. Fanta, and Andrew M. Lowy

80 Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas 1689
Yasmin G. Hernandez‐Barco and Daniel C. Chung

81 Gallstones 1717
Piero Portincasa and David Q.-H. Wang

82 Primary sclerosing cholangitis 1745
Ahmad H. Ali and Konstantinos N. Lazaridis

Part 5 Liver diseases

83 Cystic diseases of the liver and biliary tract 1761
James Buxbaum and Shelly C. Lu

84 Tumors of the biliary tract 1773
Tushar Patel and Victoria Gómez

85 Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and postcholecystectomy syndrome 1792
John O. Clarke, Anthony N. Kalloo, and Simon K. Lo

86 Acute viral hepatitis 1804
Marc G. Ghany, and T. Jake Liang

87 Chronic hepatitis B and D 1841
Grace L.H. Wong and Anna S. Lok

88 Chronic hepatitis C 1861
Andrew W. Tai and Hugo E. Vargas

89 Drug‐induced liver injury 1878
Amoah Yeboah‐Korang and Robert J. Fontana

90 Acute liver failure 1889
William M. Lee

91 Autoimmune hepatitis 1906
Richard Taubert and Michael P. Manns

92 Primary biliary cholangitis 1918
Marlyn J. Mayo

93 Hemochromatosis 1932
Paul C. Adams

94 Metabolic diseases of the liver 1942
Jacob Bilhartz and Fred Askari

95 Alcohol‐related liver disease 1966
Juan Pablo Arab, Stephen R. Atkinson, and Ramon Bataller

Contributors xi

Preface xxiii

Foreword by Tadataka Yamada xxv

About the companion website xxvii

Volume Three

96 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 1979
M. Shadab Siddiqui and Arun J. Sanyal

97 Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis 2000
Don C. Rockey

98 Ascites and its complications 2024
Guadalupe Garcia‐Tsao

99 Central nervous system and pulmonary complications of end‐stage liver disease 2044
Chathur Acharya and Jasmohan S. Bajaj

100 Liver transplantation 2063
Nicole T. Shen, Alyson J. Kaplan, Alyson N. Fox, and Robert S. Brown, Jr

101 Hepatocellular carcinoma 2082
Nicole E. Rich and Jorge A. Marrero

102 Acute cholangitis and liver abscess 2104
Roman Perri and David S. Raiford

103 Vascular diseases of the liver 2108
José Ferrusquía‐Acosta and Laurie D. DeLeve

104 Intraabdominal abscesses and fistulae 2122
Ravi Pokala Kiran

105 Diseases of the peritoneum, retroperitoneum, mesentery, and omentum 2135
Amanda K. Arrington

Part 6 Obesity

106 Gastrointestinal and liver complications of obesity 2153
Harmeet Malhi and Andres Acosta

107 The role of the gastroenterologist in the management of obesity 2161
George Cholankeril, Andrew A. Li, and Sarah Streett

108 Bariatric endoscopy 2168
Thomas R. McCarty and Christopher C. Thompson

109 Bariatric surgery 2187
Todd A. Kellogg and Omar M. Ghanem

Part 7 Gut and liver in systemic diseases

110 Gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations of specific genetic disorders 2207
Sonia S. Kupfer

111 Gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic diseases 2231
Seth Sweetser

112 Skin lesions associated with gastrointestinal and liver diseases 2274
Travis W. Vandergriff

113 Gastrointestinal vascular malformations and neoplasms: arterial, venous, arteriovenous, and capillary 2293
Badr Al‐Bawardy and Deborah D. Proctor

114 Intestinal ischemia and vasculitides 2315
Juan‐R. Malagelada and Carolina Malagelada

115 Radiation injury in the gastrointestinal tract 2334
Shilpa Kulkarni and Chandan Guha

116 Complementary and alternative medicine and CBT in gastroenterology 2347
Anthony Lembo, Jesse Katon, and Sarah Ballou

Part 8 Endoscopy

117 General approach to endoscopy: sedation, monitoring, and preparation 2363
Vaibhav Wadhwa and John J. Vargo

118 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy 2375
Emmanuel Coronel and Irving Waxman

119 Capsule and small bowel endoscopy 2388
Jonathan A. Leighton and Shabana F. Pasha

120 Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy 2400
Douglas K. Rex

121 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 2419
Todd H. Baron and Ryan J. Law

122 Gastrointestinal dilation and stenting 2439
Shayan Irani and Richard A. Kozarek

123 Endoscopic approaches to enteral nutrition 2458
Lucian Panait and Stephen A. McClave

124 Management of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage related to portal hypertension 2475
Patrick S. Kamath and Louis M. Wong Kee Song

125 Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage 2503
Andrew W. Yen and Joseph W. Leung

126 Endoscopic therapy for colorectal lesions 2519
Neal Shahidi and Michael J. Bourke

127 Minimally invasive surgery: laparotomy, laparoscopy, and robotic surgery 2532
Aashish Rajesh, Rafael U. deAzevedo, Nizamuddin Shaikh, and David R. Farley

128 Endoscopic submucosal dissection 2547
Yuri Hanada, Luo Xiao Bei, and Kenneth K. Wang

129 POEM and G‐POEM 2554
Mary Raina Angeli Abad, Haruhiro Inoue, Yuto Shimamura, Haruo Ikeda, and Manabu Onimaru

Part 9 Imaging

130 Plain and contrast radiology 2563
Marc S. Levine and Stephen E. Rubesin

131 Abdominal sonography 2583
Stuart Bentley‐Hibbert and Dwight Aberle

132 Endoscopic ultrasonography 2606
Margaret G. Keane, Anne Marie Lennon, and Mouen A. Khashab

133 Endoscope reprocessing 2635
Kavel H. Visrodia and Bret T. Petersen

134 Computed tomography of the gastrointestinal tract 2642
Eric C. Ehman and Elliot K. Fishman

135 Magnetic resonance imaging 2672
Haresh Naringrekar, Diane Bergin, and Donald G. Mitchell

136 Positron emission tomography 2719
Ishan Garg and Val J. Lowe

137 Radionuclide imaging in the gastrointestinal tract 2732
Harvey A. Ziessman

138 Abdominal angiography 2751
Kyung Jae Cho

139 Interventional radiology 2774
Sidney Z. Brejt, Sergei A. Sobolevsky, Todd R. Schlachter, Julius Chapiro, Rafael Duran, Vania Tacher, Camila Zamboni, Luke Higgins, and Jean‐Francois Henri Geschwind

140 Confocal laser endomicroscopy 2804
Kazuki Sumiyama

141 Liver biopsy and histopathological diagnosis 2814
Sugantha Govindarajan, Yuna Gong, and Maurizio Bonacini

142 Endoscopic mucosal biopsy – pathology and biomarker testing 2846
Antonia R. Sepulveda and Sun A. Kim

Part 10 Infection, immunology, and microbiome

143 Structure and function of the human microbiome: implications for health and disease 2931
Allen A. Lee, John Y. Kao, and Vincent B. Young

144 Bacterial, viral, and toxic causes of diarrhea, gastroenteritis, and anorectal infections 2947
Mitchell B. Cohen

145 Chronic infections of the small intestine 3006
Mary Flanagan and Séamus Hussey

146 Parasitic diseases: protozoa 3022
Daniel P. Beiting and Audrey R. Odom John

147 Parasitic diseases: helminths 3039
Joel Weinstock and John Leung

148 Immunological disorders: (a) food allergy and hypersensitivity 3079
Peter Capucilli, Jonathan O’B. Hourihane, and Jonathan M. Spergel

149 Immunological disorders: (b) immunodeficiencies and gastrointestinal complications of organ transplantation 3086
Paula O’Leary

150 Complications of HIV/AIDS and other secondary immunodeficiencies 3105
Edward N. Janoff and Phillip D. Smith

Index 3125