Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

Howard J.A. Carp, MB BS, FRCOG, is Clinical Professor, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Part I: Basic Principles. 1.The Epidemiology of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. 2. The Signaling between Embryo and Mother as a Basis for the Development of Tolerance. 3. Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: From Evidence-Based to Personalized Medicine. Part II: Etiology. 4. The Genetics of Spontaneous Abortions. 5. The Endometrial Factor in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. 6. Fetal Structural Malformations and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. 7. The Endocrinology of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. 8. The Etiology of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome. 9. Defects in Coagulation Factors Leading to Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. 10. The Immunobiology of Recurrent Mmiscarriage. 11. Immune Testing in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. 12. Uterine Anomalies and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. 13. The Male Factor in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. Part III: The Developing Pregnancy. 14. Ultrasound Follow-Up in Early Pregnancy. 15. Threatened Miscarriage and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. 16. The Role of Cerclage and Pessaries. 17. What Genetic Screening Is Appropriate in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss? 18. Obstetric Outcomes after Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. Part IV: Management. 19. Investigation Protocol for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. 20. Debate: Should Progestogens Be Used in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss? Yes. 21. Debate: Should Progestogens Be Used in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss? No. 22. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Supplementation in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. 23. Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Management of the Obstetric Patient. 24. Can Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Be Prevented by Antithrombotic Agents? 25. Empirical In Vitro Fertilization for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Is It a Valid Concept? 26. Debate: Should PGT-A Still Be Performed in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss? Yes. 27.Debate: Should PGT-A Still Be Performed in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss? No. 28. Third Party Reproduction in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. Part V: Immunotherapy. 29. Leucocyte Immunotherapy for Recurrent Miscarriage. 30. IVIg Treatment for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. 31. The Role of Filgrastrim. 32. Opinion: Immunotherapy Has No Place in the Treatment of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss.