Fruit and Vegetable Phytochemicals

ELHADI M. YAHIA, Professor/Senior Research Scientist, Postharvest Technology & Human Nutrition Programs, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Mexico.

List of Contributors xiii

Foreword  xxvii
Jeffrey K. Brecht

About the Editor xxix Introduction xxxi
Elhadi M. Yahia

Volume I

Part I Chemistry and Biological Functions 1

1 The Contribution of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption to Human Health 3
Elhadi M. Yahia, María Elena Maldonado Celis, and Mette Svendsen

2 Anticarcinogenic Phytochemicals 53
Adriana Cavazos-Garduño, Julio C. Serrano-Niño, Rebeca García-Varela, and Hugo S. García

3 Beneficial Effects of Phytochemicals on the Endocrine System 67
Juan Carlos Solís-S, Pablo García-Solís, Ludivina Robles-Osorio, and Hebert Luis Hernández-Montiel

4 Phytochemicals Effects on Neurodegenerative Diseases 85
Hebert Luis Hernández-Montiel, Juan Carlos Solís-S, Pablo-García Solís, Mónica López Hidalgo, Nancy Georgina Hernández Chan, Lorena Asucena García, Noguez, Julián Valeriano Reyes López, Ana Gabriela Hernández Puga, Haydé Azeneth Vergara Castañeda, Lorena Méndez Villa, and Nelly Angélica Morales Guerrero

5 Synthesis and Metabolism of Phenolic Compounds 115
Mikal E. Saltveit

6 Biological Actions of Phenolic Compounds 125
Ana Elena Quirós Sauceda, Sonia Guadalupe Sáyago-Ayerdi, Jesús Fernando Ayala-Zavala, Abraham Wall Medrano, Laura A. de la Rosa, Gustavo A. González-Aguilar, and Emilio Álvarez-Parrilla

7 Flavonoids and Their Relation to Human Health 139
J. Abraham Domínguez-Ávila, Francisco J. Olivas-Aguirre, Laura A. de la Rosa, Abraham Wall-Medrano, and Gustavo A. González-Aguilar
 
8 Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Phenolic Compounds from Tropical Fruits 155
Gustavo R. Velderrain Rodríguez, Francisco J. Blancas-Benítez, Abraham Wall-Medrano, Sonia Guadalupe Sáyago-Ayerdi, and Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

9 Mangosteen Xanthones: Bioavailability and Bioactivities  165
Mark L. Failla and Fabiola Gutiérrez-Orozco
 
10 Methylxanthines:  Dietary Sources,  Bioavailability, and Health Benefits 183
María Raquel Mateos Briz, Beatriz Sarriá Ruiz, and Laura Bravo-Clemente
 
11 Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates: Cancer Preventive Effects  199
Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis, Asvinidevi Arumugam, and Nattaya Konsue
 
12 Effect of Soy Isoflavones on DNA Metabolic Enzyme Inhibitory Activity and Anticancer Activity 211
Yoshiyuki Mizushina and Shinko Hata
 
13 Tannins in Fruits and Vegetables: Chemistry and Biological Functions 221
Julio Montes-Ávila, Gabriela López-Angulo, and Francisco Delgado-Vargas
 
14 Chlorophylls: Chemistry and Biological Functions 269
Sunil Pareek, Narashans Alok Sagar, Sunil Sharma, Vinay Kumar, Tripti Agarwal, Gustavo A. González-Aguilar, and Elhadi M. Yahia
 
15 Chemistry, Stability, and Biological Actions of Carotenoids 285
Elhadi M. Yahia, José de Jesús Ornelas-Paz, Tatiana Emanuelli, Eduardo Jacob-Lopes, Leila Queiroz Zepka, and Braulio Cervantes-Paz
 
16 Protective Effects of Carotenoids in Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes 347
Tatiana Emanuelli, Paula Rossini Augusti, and Miguel Roehrs
 
17 Betalains: Chemistry and Biological Functions 383
Armando Carrillo-López and Elhadi M. Yahia
 
18 Dietary Fiber and Associated Macromolecular Antioxidants in Fruit and Vegetables 393
Jara Pérez-Jiménez and Fulgencio D. Saura-Calixto
 
19 Impact of Fruit Dietary Fibers and Polyphenols on Modulation of the Human Gut Microbiota 405
Ana E. Quirós Sauceda, Ramón Pacheco-Ordaz, Jesús Fernando Ayala-Zavala, Adrián Hernández Mendoza, Aarón F. González-Córdova, Belinda Vallejo-Galland, and Gustavo A. González-Aguilar
 
20 Lipids in Fruits and Vegetables: Chemistry and Biological Activities 423
Ramiro Baeza-Jiménez, Leticia X. López-Martínez, Rebeca García-Varela, and Hugo S. García
 
21 Vitamin E (Tocopherols and Tocotrienols) in Fruits and Vegetables with Focus on Chemistry and Biological Activities 451
Ibrahim Elmadfa and Alexa L. Meyer
 
22 Plant Vitamin C: One Single Molecule with a Plethora of Roles 463
Ifigeneia Mellidou, Athanasios Koukounaras, Fani Chatzopoulou, Stefanos Kostas, and Angelos K. Kanellis
 
23 Capsaicinoids: Occurrence, Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Biological Effects 499
Mathias Kaiser, Inocencio Higuera, and Francisco M. Goycoolea

24 Flavors and Aromas: Chemistry and Biological Functions 515
Charles F. Forney and Jun Song

25 Recent Advances in Bioactivities of Common Food Biocompounactives 541
Abdelkarim Guaâdaoui

26 Biomarkers for the Evaluation of Intake of Phytochemicals and Their Bioactive Effect 595
María Tabernero Urbieta and José C.E. Serrano

Part II Influence of Postharvest Handling and Processing Technologies, and Analysis of Phytochemicals 609

27 Influence of Postharvest Technologies and Handling Practices on Phytochemicals in Fruits and Vegetables 611
Elhadi M. Yahia, María Serrano, Daniel Valero, and Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

28 Phytochemical Changes during Minimal Processing of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables 629
Gustavo A. González-Aguilar, Jesús Fernando Ayala-Zavala, Laura A. de la Rosa, Emilio Alvarez-Parrilla, A. Thalía Bernal-Mercado, and Cintia Anabela Mazzucotelli

29 Conventional and Novel Thermal Processing Used for the Improvement of Bioactive Phytochemicals in Fruits and Vegetables 649
Sirithon Siriamornpun and Niwat Kaewseejan

30 Non-thermal Processing Effects on Fruits and Vegetables Phytonutrients 677
Noor Akhmazillah Mohd Fauzi and Alifdalino Sulaiman

31 Chlorophylls and Colour Changes in Cooked Vegetables 703
Maria Paciulli, Mariantonella Palermo, Emma Chiavaro, and Nicoletta Pellegrini

32 Pressurized Fluid Extraction of Phytochemicals from Fruits, Vegetables, Cereals, and Herbs 721
Marleny D.A. Saldaña, Idaresit Ekaette, Carla S. Valdivieso Ramirez, Jane S. dos Reis Coimbra, and Lucio Cardozo-Filho

33 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Fruits and Vegetables 749
Raghuraj Singh, Tushar Dhanani, and Satyanshu Kumar

34 The Use of Non-destructive Techniques to Assess the Nutritional Content of Fruits and Vegetables 763
Maria L. Amodio, Muhammad M.A. Chaudhry, and Giancarlo Colelli

35 Rapid Estimation of Bioactive Phytochemicals in Vegetables and Fruits Using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy 781
Satyanshu Kumar, Raghuraj Singh, and Tushar Dhanani

36 Methods for Determining the Antioxidant Capacity of Food Constituents 803
María Janeth Rodríguez-Roque, Robert Soliva-Fortuny, and Olga Martín-Belloso
 
37 Enhancement of Phytochemicals Using Next-Generation Technologies for the Production of High Quality Fruits and Vegetables 817
Bhavneet Kaur, Avtar K. Handa, and Autar K. Mattoo
 
38 Modeling Shelf Life of Packaged, Ready-to-Eat Fruits and Vegetables with Reference to the Fate of Nutritional Compounds 833
Maria L. Amodio, Antonio Derossi, and Giancarlo Colelli
  
Volume II
 
Part III Phytochemicals in Some Fruits and Vegetables 857
 
39 Ackee (Blighia sapida Koenig) 859
Machel A. Emanuel
 
40 Andean Berry (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) 869
María Elena Maldonado Celis, Yuly Nataly Franco Tobón, Carlos Agudelo, Sandra Sulay Arango, and Benjamin Rojano
 
41 Berries 883
Luca Mazzoni, Jessica Scalzo, Lucia Di Vittori, Bruno Mezzetti, and Maurizio Battino
 
42 Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)  909
Debjani Nath, Pratyusha Banerjee, Mithun Shaw, and Manas Kumar Mukhopadhyay
 
43 Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) 921
Alfonso A. Gardea, Mónica L. García-Bañuelos, J. Antonio Orozco-Avitia, Esteban, Sánchez-Chávez, Bethzabet Sastré-Flores, and Graciela Ávila-Quezada

44 Cactus Pear Fruit and Cladodes 941
Elhadi M. Yahia and Carmen Sáenz
 
45 Capsicums 957
Puran Bridgemohan, Majeed Mohammed, and Ronell S.H. Bridgemohan

46 Carrots (Daucus carota  L.) 969
Cielo D. Char

47 Chayote (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz)979
Oscar Andrés Del Ángel Coronel, Elizabeth León-García, Gilber Vela-Gutiérrez, Javier De la Cruz Medina, Rebeca García-Varela, and Hugo S. García
 
48 Cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.)  993
Luis M. Anaya-Esparza, Marco V. Ramírez-Marez, Efigenia Montalvo-González, and Jorge A. Sánchez-Burgos
 
49 Citrus 1003
Ahmed Ait-Oubahou, Mohamed Benichou, Maha Sagar, Amar Kaanane, and Elhadi M. Yahia

50 Dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.)  1023
Elhadi M. Yahia, Ahmed Ait-Oubahou, and Mohammad Al Abid

51 Grapes 1041
Alvaro  Peña-Neira

52 Grape Bagasse: A Potential Source of Phenolic Compounds 1055
Fabiola C. Muñoz-De la Cruz, Frida R. Cornejo-García, Nadia M. Vázquez-Díaz, Miriam
A. Anaya-Loyola, and Teresa García-Gasca

53 Guava (Psidium guajava) 1067
Francisco J. Blancas-Benitez, Gustavo A. González-Aguilar, and Sonia Guadalupe Sáyago-Ayerdi

54 Indian Gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) 1077
Sunil Pareek, Alexander N. Shikov, Olga N. Pozharitskaya, Valery G. Makarov, Gustavo A. González-Aguilar, Suyare A. Ramalho, and Narendra Narain

55 Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) 1107
Mostafa Z. Sultan

56 Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz) 1127
Carolina Fredes and Paz Robert

57 Pecans (Carya illinoinensis) 1137
Jose Alberto Gallegos-Infante, Nuria Elizabeth Rocha-Guzman, Ruben Francisco Gonzalez-Laredo, and Martha Rocio Moreno-Jimenez

58 Onion (Allium cepa L.) 1145
Sunil Pareek, Narashans Alok Sagar, Sunil Sharma, and Vinay Kumar

59 Papaya (Carica papaya) 1163
Laura E. Gayosso-García Sancho, Gilber Vela-Gutiérrez, and Hugo S. García

60 Pineapples (Ananas comosus) 1173
Jorge A. Sánchez-Burgos and María de Lourdes García-Magaña

61 Pomegranates (Punica granatum L.) 1179
Asghar Ramezanian and Mustafa Erkan

62 Potato and Other Root Crops 1195
Anne Pihlanto

63 Prunus 1215
Francisco J. Luna-Vázquez, César Ibarra-Alvarado, Alejandra Rojas-Molina, Juana I. Rojas-Molina and Moustapha Bah

64 Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum  L.) 1227
Muhammad Tayyab Akhtar, Siti Nazirah Ismail, and Khozirah Shaari

65 Rose Apple (Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston) 1235
Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga, Karkala Shreedhara Ranganath Pai, Elroy Saldanha, Vikram Singh Ratnu, Rashmi Priya, Mohammed Adnan, and Taresh S. Naik

66 Soursop (Annona muricata) 1243
Ana V. Coria-Téllez, Efigenia Montalvo-González, and Eva N. Obledo-Vázquez

67 Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa) 1253
Andrés E. León-Fernández and Efigenia Montalvo-González
 
68 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) 1259
Elizabeth León-García, Oscar Andrés Del Ángel Coronel, Gilber Vela-Gutiérrez, Javier De la Cruz Medina, and Hugo S. García

69 Wild and Cultivated Mushrooms 1279
Pirjo H. Mattila, Pertti Marnila, and Anne Pihlanto

70 Phytochemicals in Organic and Conventional Fruits and Vegetables 1305
Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima, Cristine Vanz Borges, Fabio Vianello, Luis Cisneros-Zevallos, and Igor Otavio Minatel

71 Recent Advances in Phytochemicals in Fruits and Vegetables 1323
Fereidoon Shahidi, Priyatharini Ambigaipalan, and Anoma Chandrasekara

Index 1357