Agricultural Medicine – Occupational and Environmental Health for the Health Professions 2e

Kelley J. Donham, MS, DVM, DACVPM is Emeritus Pioneer Professor of Rural Health and Safety and Director of Iowa's Center for Agricultural Safety and Health in the College of Public Health at the University of Iowa in Iowa City, IA, USA. Anders Thelin, MD, PhD is an occupational medicine physician specializing in agricultural medicine.

About the Authors, xiii About the Reviewers, xix Preface, xxv 1 Introduction and Overview, 1 Kelley J. Donham and Anders Thelin 1.1 Introduction to the Professional Specialty of Agricultural Medicine (Agricultural Safety and Health), 1 1.2 Terminology and Definitions, 1 1.3 What is an Agricultural Health and Safety Professional?, 6 1.4 Training of Agricultural Health Practitioners and Agriculture Health and Safety Specialists, 8 1.5 Demographics of the Agricultural Workforce, 17 1.6 The Evolution of Production Agricultural, Workforce, and Types of Farms, 18 1.7 Other Occupations Exposed to the Agricultural Environment, 21 1.8 General Health Status of the Agricultural Population, 21 1.9 Occupational Health Status of the Agricultural Workforce, 22 1.10 Occupational Injury and Illness Statistics, 23 1.11 Persistent and Emerging Megatrends in Agriculture: Health Safety Implications, 24 1.12 A Preview of Specific Occupational Health and Safety Risks and Conditions, 31 1.13 Summary, 35 References, 37 2 Special Risk Populations in Agricultural Communities, 43 Kelley J. Donham and Anders Thelin 2.1 Introduction, 43 2.2 Women in Agriculture, 44 2.3 Youths in Agriculture, 49 2.4 Elderly Farmers, 59 2.5 Migrant and Seasonal Farm Workers, 64 2.6 Old ]order Anabaptists, 73 References, 84 3 Agricultural Respiratory Diseases, 95 Kelley J. Donham and Anders Thelin 3.1 Introduction and Overview, 95 3.2 Agricultural Structures and Respiratory Hazards, 98 3.3 Agricultural Dusts, 111 3.4 Confined Animal Feeding Operations and Respiratory Disease Hazards, 126 3.5 Oxides of Nitrogen ( Silo Gas ), 136 3.6 Applied Agricultural Chemicals, 140 3.7 Zoonotic Infections Causing Respiratory Disease, 142 3.8 General Preventive Measures for Agricultural Respiratory Illnesses, 143 References, 149 4 Agricultural Skin Diseases, 155 Kelley J. Donham and Anders Thelin 4.1 Introduction, 155 4.2 Contact Dermatitis, 156 4.3 Clinical Picture of Contact Dermatitis, 156 4.4 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Contact Dermatitis, 156 4.5 Agents causing Contact Dermatitis in Agricultural Settings, 157 4.6 Infectious Dermatitis, 165 4.7 Arthropod ]induced Dermatitis, 167 4.8 Sunlight ]induced Dermatoses, 171 4.9 Skin Disorders Related to Heat, Cold, and Humidity, 176 References, 177 5 Cancer in Agricultural Populations, 181 Kelley J. Donham 5.1 Introduction, 181 5.2 Summary, 198 References, 200 6 Health Effects of Agricultural Pesticides, 205 Kelley J. Donham 6.1 Introduction, 205 6.2 Definition of Pesticides, 206 6.3 History and Risk Communication, 207 6.4 Pesticides: Classes, Subclasses, and Relative Toxicity, 208 6.5 How Farmers, Agricultural Workers, and Agriculture ]associated Workers are Exposed to Pesticides, 209 6.6 The Risk of Pesticide Poisonings, 214 6.7 Insecticides: Usage, Acute Toxicity Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment, 215 6.8 Herbicides: Usage, Acute Toxic Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment, 227 6.9 Fumigants: Usage, Acute Toxic Mechanisms and Treatment, 233 6.10 Chronic Health Effects of Insecticides, Herbicides, and Fumigants, 237 6.11 General Strategies for the Prevention of Pesticide Poisoning, 238 6.12 Summary, 243 References, 246 7 General Environmental Hazards in Agriculture Communities, 251 Kelley J. Donham and Anders Thelin 7.1 Introduction, 251 7.2 Water Quality, 252 7.3 Substance Sources and Health Effects of Water Pollution from Agricultural Operations, 255 7.4 Prevention of the Adverse Health Effects of Water Pollution, 265 7.5 Air Quality in Rural Agricultural Environments, 269 7.6 Solid Waste Concerns in Rural Agricultural Areas, 276 7.7 Animal Feeding Operations, 278 7.8 Global Climate Change: Effects on Agricultural Production and the Environment, 282 References, 284 8 Musculoskeletal Disorders, 293 Anders Thelin and Kelley J. Donham 8.1 Introduction, 293 8.2 Chronic Pain Conditions, 294 8.3 Injuries of the Neck, 297 8.4 Injuries of the Spine, 299 8.5 Injuries of the Shoulder, 304 8.6 Injuries of the Elbow, Wrist and Hand, 307 8.7 Injuries of the Hip, 311 8.8 Injuries of the Knee, Ankle, and Foot, 313 8.9 General Disorders, Infections, and Reactive Arthritis, 315 8.10 Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders, 316 8.11 Summary, 316 References, 317 9 Physical Factors, 327 Anders Thelin and Kelley J. Donham Noise and Hearing Loss, 327 9.1 Introduction, 327 9.2 Noise, definitions, and measurements, 328 9.3 How noise affects the auditory system, 329 9.4 Symptoms and Disablement, 330 9.5 Tinnitus, 331 9.6 Hearing Loss due to Trauma or Toxins, 331 9.7 Audiometry, 331 9.8 Other Effects of Noise, 333 9.9 Prevention, 333 Vibration and Injuries Related to Vibration, 336 9.10 Introduction, 336 9.11 Hand arm Vibration Syndrome, 336 9.12 Whole ]body Vibration, 339 9.13 Disorders due to Heat and Cold, 339 9.14 Human Thermal Balance, 339 9.15 Disorders due to Heat, 341 9.16 Disorders Related to Cold, 343 9.17 Climate and Physical and Mental Capability, 344 9.18 Prevention of Injuries Related to Heat and Cold, 344 9.19 Summary, 345 References, 347 10 Psychosocial Conditions in Agriculture, 351 Anders Thelin and Kelley J. Donham 10.1 Introduction and Background, 351 10.2 Stress and Stress ]related Health Disorders, 353 10.3 Stress Physiology, 356 10.4 Chronic Stress ]related Physiological Reactions, 359 10.5 Stress and Disease, 360 10.6 Measuring Stress, 362 10.7 Management and Prevention of Stress Reactions, 364 10.8 Alcohol ]related Health Problems, 367 10.9 Suicides and Suicide Prevention, 369 10.10 Summary, 370 References, 370 11 Acute Injuries in Agriculture, 379 Kelley J. Donham, Aaron Yoder, and LaMar Grafft 11.1 Introduction, 379 11.2 Agricultural Injury Statistics and Epidemiology, 379 11.3 Medical Considerations of Acute Agricultural Injuries, 385 11.4 First on the Scene/First Aid, 386 11.5 First Responders and Emergency Medical Treatment, Rescue/Extrication, and Transport, 388 11.6 Emergency Room, 391 11.7 Primary Care, 392 11.8 Secondary/Tertiary Care, 393 11.9 Rehabilitation, 393 11.10 Hazards and Injury Scenarios, 394 11.11 Summary, 408 References, 409 12 Veterinary Pharmaceuticals: Potential Occupational and Community Health Hazards, 413 Kelley J. Donham 12.1 Introduction, 413 12.2 Background and Overview, 413 12.3 Veterinary Biologicals, 415 12.4 Antibiotics, 418 12.5 Hormones used for Growth Promotion, 427 12.6 Other Growth Promotors, 429 12.7 Hormones used in Veterinary Obstetrics, 429 12.8 Other Human Health Considerations of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, 430 12.9 Summary, 430 References, 432 13 Zoonotic Diseases: Overview of Occupational Hazards in Agriculture, 437 Kelley J. Donham 13.1 Introduction, 437 13.2 Significance of Zoonotic Disease, 438 13.3 Forces Affecting Trends and Patterns of Zoonoses, 438 13.4 Historical Trends in Zoonoses, 441 13.5 Future Trends in Zoonoses, 441 13.6 General Epidemiologic Considerations of Zoonoses, 442 13.7 Classification of Zoonotic Infections, 442 13.8 Prevention, 444 13.9 Summary, 444 References, 462 14 International Agricultural Safety and Health, 465 Kelley J. Donham 14.1 Introduction, 465 Section A Agricultural Medicine in South America The Mercosur 4: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, 466 Marcos Grigioni and Kelley J. Donham 14.1A Introduction, 466 14.2A Types of Production and Processes, 466 14.3A Culture and Demographics, 470 14.4A The Demography of those Engaged in Agricultural Production, 471 14.5A Agricultural Injury and Illness Statistics: the Current Status of the Health and Safety of Agricultural Populations, 473 14.6A Support Professionals in Agriculture, 475 14.7A Injuries and Illnesses in Farming Populations: Uruguay, Paraguay, and Brazil, 475 14.8A Resources and Organizations in the M4, 477 14.9A Special/unique Illness or Injury Conditions, 478 14.10A Summary, 480 References, 483 Section B Agricultural Medicine in Australia and New Zealand, 487 Susan Brumby 14.1B Introduction, 487 14.2B Differences in Types of Agricultural Systems, 488 14.3B Working Characteristics, 488 14.4B Agricultural Injuries and Illnesses, 489 14.5B Occupational Health and Safety Legislation, 489 14.6B Skin Cancer, 491 14.7B Agricultural Health and Safety Resources, 491 14.8B Conclusion, 492 References, 493 Section C Agricultural Medicine in: The European Community, 495 Christina Lunner Kolstrup and Peter Lundqvist 14.1C Introduction, 495 14.2C Diversification of Agricultural Production in Europe, 495 14.3C Differences in Types of Commodity Production and Processes Relative to North America, 496 14.4C Differences in the Culture of the Workers, 497 14.5C Differences in Agricultural Injury and Illness Statistics, 498 14.6C Differences in Health and Safety Regulations, 499 14.7C Differences in Resources for Agricultural Medicine, 500 14.8C Special/unique Agricultural Illness or Injury Conditions, 500 References, 501 15 Prevention of Illness and Injury in Agriculture, 503 Kelley J. Donham 15.1 Introduction, 503 15.2 Barriers to Prevention Intervention, 504 15.3 A Hierarchy of Prevention Modalities, 507 15.4 Specialized Health and Safety Disciplines, 519 15.5 Multimodal Interventions, 525 15.6 Respiratory Disease Prevention in Swine Confinement Workers, 526 15.7 Sustainable Farm Families in Australia, 528 15.8 Farm ]based Wellness Program, 528 15.9 Developing Comprehensive Prevention Programs, 528 15.10 Iowa Model of Integrated Multimodal Prevention Interventions, 528 15.11 Education to Facilitate Behavior Change, 529 15.12 Removal of Farm Health and Safety Hazards, 530 15.13 Development of Total Worker Health, 530 15.14 Summary, 530 Appendix A, 532 References, 545 Index, 551