Diagnostic Imaging: Pediatric Neuroradiology

A. James Barkovich, MD, Professor of Neurology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery and Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California

PART 1: BRAIN SECTION I: CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES Malformations Approach to Brain Malformation Syntelencephaly (Middle Interhemispheric Variant) Commissural Anomalies Microcephaly Hemimegalencephaly Lissencephaly Heterotopic Gray Matter Polymicrogyria Schizencephaly Metabolic Disorders Approach to Normal Myelination and Metabolic Disease Hypomyelination Mitochondrial Encephalopathies MELAS Gangliosidosis (GM2) Metachromatic Leukodystrophy Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy Zellweger Syndrome Other Peroxisomal Disorders Maple Syrup Urine Disease Urea Cycle Disorders Glutaric Aciduria Type Canavan Disease Alexander Disease Megalencephaly with Leukoencephalopathy and Cysts PKAN Huntington Disease Wilson Disease Hypoglycemia Kernicterus Mesial Temporal Sclerosis Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) Vascular Disorders Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, PRES Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage White Matter Injury of Prematurity Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Sickle Cell Disease, Brain Childhood Stroke Hydranencephaly Trauma Cerebral Contusion Diffuse Axonal Injury Subcortical Injury Tumors Ganglioglioma Desmoplastic Infantile Tumors DNET Supratentorial PNET Supratentorial Ependymoma Enlarged Perivascular Spaces Porencephalic Cyst Neuroglial Cyst Infection/Inflammation Congenital CMV Congenital HIV Abscess, Brain Herpes Encephalitis Rasmussen Encephalitis Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis SECTION II: SELLA/ SUPRASELLAR REGION Introduction and Overview Approach to Pituitary Development Sella/Suprasellar Region Pituitary Anomalies Craniopharyngioma Tuber Cinereum Hamartoma Lymphocytic Hypophysitis SECTION III: PINEAL REGION Germinoma Teratoma Pineoblastoma Pineal Cyst SECTION IV: CEREBELLUM/ BRAINSTEM Brainstem Tumors Pilocytic Astrocytoma Medulloblastoma Infratentorial Ependymoma Cerebellar Hypoplasia Dandy-Walker Continuum Lhermitte-Duclos Syndrome Rhombencephalosynapsis Molar Tooth Malformations (Joubert) Unclassified Cerebellar Dysplasias SECTION V: VENTRICULAR SYSTEM Introduction and Overview Approach to Ventricular Anatomy and Imaging Issues Ventricular System Cavum Septi Pellucidi Cavum Velum Interpositum (CVI) Septooptic Dysplasia Aqueductal Stenosis Intraventricular Obstructive Hydrocephalus Extraventricular Obstructive Hydrocephalus CSF Shunts and Complications Enlarged Subarachnoid Spaces Ventriculitis Intracranial Hypotension Choroid Plexus Cyst Ependymal Cyst Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Choroid Plexus Papilloma Choroid Plexus Carcinoma SECTION VI: MENINGES, CISTERNS, CALVARIA, SKULL BASE Arachnoid Cyst Acute Subdural Hematoma Evolving Subdural Hematoma Epidural Hematoma Empyema Group B Streptococcal Meningitis Citrobacter Meningitis Neurocutaneous Melanosis Meningioangiomatosis Dermoid Cyst Epidermoid Cyst Metastatic Neuroblastoma Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Cephalocele Atretic Cephalocele Congenital Calvarial Defects Fibrous Dysplasia Craniostenoses Thick Skull Calvarial Fracture SECTION VII: BLOOD VESSELS Sinus Pericranii Capillary Telangiectasia Developmental Venous Anomaly Cavernous Malformation Dural AV Fistula Arteriovenous Malformation Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation Moyamoya SECTION VIII: MULTIPLE REGIONS, BRAIN Phakomatoses Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Brain Neurofibromatosis Type 2, Brain Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Sturge-Weber Syndrome von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis Trauma Child Abuse, Brain Malformations Intracranial Lipoma Congenital Muscular Dystrophy Neurenteric Cyst Infection/Inflammation Miscellaneous Encephalitis Tuberculosis Neurocysticercosis Miscellaneous Parasites Metabolic Disorders Leigh Syndrome Mucopolysaccharidoses Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Tumors Atypical Teratoid-Rhabdoid Tumor Leukemia PART 2: HEAD AND NECK SECTION I: TEMPORAL AND SKULL BASE Labyrinthine Aplasia Oval Window Atresia Cochlear Aplasia Common Cavity Malformation Cystic Cochleovestibular Malformation Large Vestibular Aqueduct Semicircular Canal Hypoplasia-Aplasia Endolymphatic Sac Tumor Dermoid and Epidermoid Cyst CPA Arachnoid Cyst Congenital Middle Ear Cholesteatoma Acquired Cholesteatoma Skull Base Chondrosarcoma SECTION II: ORBIT, NOSE, AND SINUSES Nasal Glioma Frontoethmoidal Cephalocele Nasal Dermal Sinus Choanal Atresia Juvenile Angiofibroma Anophthalmia/Microphthalmia Macrophthalmia Coloboma Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele Orbital Dermoid and Epidermoid Orbital Cellulitis Orbital Lymphatic Malformation Orbital Infantile Hemangioma Retinoblastoma SECTION III: SUPRAHYOID AND INFRAHYOID NECK Introduction and Overview Approach to Congenital Lesions of the Neck Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Neck Lingual Thyroid Oral Cavity Dermoid and Epidermoid Reactive Lymph Nodes SECTION IV: MULTIPLE REGIONS, HEAD AND NECK 1st Branchial Cleft Cyst 2nd Branchial Cleft Cyst 3rd Branchial Cleft Cyst 4th Branchial Cleft Cyst Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Cervical Thymic Cyst Venous Malformation Lymphatic Malformation Infantile Hemangioma Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Head and Neck Brachial Plexus Schwannoma Fibromatosis Colli Rhabdomyosarcoma Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumors Orbital Neurofibromatosis Type 1 PART 3: SPINE SECTION I: CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION Introduction and Overview Approach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development Chiari 1 Malformation Chiari 2 Malformation Chiari 3 Malformation Craniovertebral Junction Variants SECTION II: VERTEBRA Posterior Element Incomplete Fusion Failure of Vertebral Formation Partial Vertebral Duplication Vertebral Segmentation Failure Klippel-Feil Spectrum Congenital Spinal Stenosis Congenital Scoliosis and Kyphosis Neuromuscular Scoliosis Idiopathic Scoliosis Schmorl Node Scheuermann Disease Achondroplasia Mucopolysaccharidoses Sickle Cell Disease, Spine Osteogenesis Imperfecta Apophyseal Ring Fracture Spondylolisthesis Spondylolysis Pyogenic Osteomyelitis Osteoid Osteoma Osteoblastoma Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Osteochondroma Osteosarcoma Chordoma Ewing Sarcoma Idiopathic Kyphosis SECTION III: EXTRADURAL SPACE Sacral Extradural Arachnoid Cyst Sacrococcygeal Teratoma Epidural Lipomatosis Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Extramedullary Hematopoiesis SECTION IV: INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY SPACE Spinal Lipoma Filum Terminale Fibrolipoma Angiolipoma SECTION V: INTRAMEDULLARY SPACE Ventriculus Terminalis Syringomyelia Guillain-Barre Syndrome ADEM Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis Astrocytoma Cellular Ependymoma SECTION VI: MULTIPLE REGIONS, SPINE Myelomeningocele Lipomyelomeningocele Dorsal Dermal Sinus Dermoid Cyst Epidermoid Cyst Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis Caudal Regression Syndrome Tethered Spinal Cord Nonterminal Myelocystocele Terminal Myelocystocele Anterior Sacral Meningocele I Diastematomyelia Neurenteric Cyst Lateral Meningocele Dorsal Spinal Meningocele Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Spine Neurofibromatosis Type 2, Spine Dural Dysplasia Leukemia, Spine Neuroblastic Tumor