Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases

Raphael Dolin, MD, Maxwell Finland Professor of Medicine (Microbiology & Molecular Genetics), Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Martin J. Blaser, MD, Muriel G. and George W. Singer Professor of Translational Medicine, Professor of Microbiology, Director, Human Microbiome Program, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.

Part I Basic Principles in the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diseases Section A. Microbial Pathogenesis 1. A Molecular Perspective of Microbial Pathogenicity 2. Microbiome of Local Sites and their Unique Biology 3. Prebiotics, Probiotics and Synbiotics Section B. Host Defense Mechanisms 4. Innate (General or Nospecific) Host Defense Mechanisms 5. Adaptive Immunity: Antibodies and Immunodefiencies 6. Mucosal Immunity 7. Granulocytic Phagocytes and Deficiency States 8. Complement and Deficiencies 9. Human Genetics and Infection 10. Nutrition, Immunity, and Infection 11. Evaluation of the Patient with Suspected Immunodeficiency and Other Host Defense Defects Section C. Epidemiology of Infectious Disease 12. Epidemiologic Principles 13. Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threat 14. Bioterrorism: An Overview Section D. Clinical Microbiology 15. The Clinician and the Microbiology Laboratory Section E. Anti-Infective Therapy 16. Principles of Anti-infective Therapy 17. Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria 18. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Anti-infective Agents 19. Penicillins 20. Cephalosporins 21. Other ss-Lactam Antibiotics 22. Antibiotic Allergy 23. Fusidic Acid 24. Aminoglycosides 25. Tetracyclines and Chloramphenicol 26. Rifamycins 27. Metronidazole 28. Macrolides, Clindamycin, and Ketolides 29. Glycopeptides (Vancomycin and Teicoplanin), Streptogramins (Quinupristin-Dalfopristin), and Lipopeptides (Daptomycin) 30. Polymyxins (Polymyxin B and Colistin) 31. Oxazolidinones 32. Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim 33. Quinolones 34. Unique Antibacterial Agents 35. Urinary Tract Agents: Nitrofurantoin and Methenamine 36. Topical Antibacterials 37. Antimycobacterial Agents 38. Drugs Active Against Fungi, Pneumocystis and Microsporidia 39. Drugs for Malaria 40. Drugs for Parasites Other Than Malaria 41. Drugs for Helminths 42. Antiviral Drugs General Principles 43. Antivirals Against Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 44. Antivirals Against Herpes Viruses 45. Antivirals Against Hepatitis Viruses 46. Other Antiviral Drugs 47. Immunomodulators 48. Hyperbaric Oxygen 49. Complementary and Alternative Medicines for Infectious Diseases 50. Antimicrobial Management: Cost and Resistance 51. Interpretation of Clinical Trials of Antimicrobial Agents 52. Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy 53. Tables of Antimicrobial Agent Pharmacology Part II Major Clinical Syndromes Section A. Fever 54. Temperature Regulation and the Pathogenesis of Fever 55. Fever of Unknown Origin 56. The Acutely Ill Patient with Fever and Rash Section B. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections 57. The Common Cold 58. Pharyngitis 59. Acute Laryngitis 60. Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup) 61. Otitis Externa, Otitis Media, and Mastoiditis 62. Sinusitis 63. Epiglottitis 64. Infections of the Oral Cavity, Neck, and Head Section C. Pleuropulmonary and Bronchial Infections 65. Acute Bronchitis 66. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Bronchitis, and Acute Exacerbations 67. Bronchiolitis 68. Acute Pneumonia 69. Empyema and Pleural Effusion 70. Lung Abscess 71. Chronic Pneumonia 72. Cystic Fibrosis Section D. Urinary Tract Infections 73. Urinary Tract Infections Section E. Sepsis 74. Sepsis, Severe Sepsis, and Septic Shock Section F. Intra-Abdominal Infection 75. Peritonitis and Intraperitoneal Abscesses 76. Infections of the Liver and Biliary System 77. Pancreatic Infections 78. Splenic Abscess 79. Appendicitis 80. Diverticulitis and Typhlitis Section G. Cardiovascular Infections 81. Endocarditis and Intravascular Infections 82. Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis 83. Infections of Non-Valvular Cardiovascular Devices 84. Prophylaxis of Infective Endocarditis 85. Myocarditis and Pericarditis 86. Mediastinitis Section H. Central Nervous System Infections 87. Approach to the Patient with Central Nervous System Infection 88. Acute Meningitis 89. Chronic Meningitis 90. Encephalitis, Myelitis, and Neuritis 91. Brain Abscess 92. Subdural Empyema, Epidural Abscess, and Intracranial Suppurative Thrombophlebitis 93. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections Section I. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections 94. Cellulitis, Necrotizing Fasciitis and Subcutaneous Tissue Infections 95. Myositis 96. Lymphadenitis and Lymphangitis Section J. Gastrointestinal Infections and Food Poisoning 97. Principles and Syndromes of Enteric Infection 98. Esophagitis 99. Nausea, Vomiting, and Noninflammatory Diarrhea 100. Inflammatory Enteritides 101. Enteric Fever and Other Causes of Abdominal Symptoms with Fever 102. Food Poisoning 103. Tropical Sprue/Enteropathy Section K. Bone and Joint Infections 104. Infectious Arthritis 105. Osteomyelitis 106. Orthopedic Implant Infections Section L. Diseases of the Reproductive Organs and Sexually Transmitted Diseases 107. Genital Skin and Mucous Membrane Lesions 108. Urethritis 109. Vulvovaginitis and Cervicitis 110. Infections of the Female Pelvis 111. Prostatitis, Epididymitis, and Orchitis Section M. Eye Infections 112. Introduction to Ocular Infections 113. Microbial Conjunctivitis 114. Microbial Keratitis 115. Endophthalmitis 116. Infectious Causes of Uveitis 117. Periocular Infections Section N. Hepatitis 118. Hepatitis Section O. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 119. Global Perspectives on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 120. Epidemiology and Prevention of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 121. Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 122. The Immunology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 123. General Clinical Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (Including the Acute Retroviral Syndrome and Oral, Cutaneous, Renal, Ocular, Metabolic and Cardiac Diseases) 124. Pulmonary Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 125. Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 126. Neurologic Diseases Caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 and Opportunistic Infections 127. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Women 128. Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 129. Antiretroviral Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 130. Management of Opportunistic Infections Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 131. Vaccines for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection Section P. Miscellaneous Syndromes 132. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Part III Infectious Diseases and Their Etiologic Agents Section A. Viral Diseases 133. Biology of Viruses and Viral Diseases 134. Orthopoxviruses: Vaccinia (Smallpox Vaccine), Variola (Smallpox), Monkeypox, and Cowpox 135. Other Poxviruses That Infect Humans: Parapoxviruses, Molluscum Contagiosum, and Tanapox Section B. Herpesviridae 136. Introduction to Herpesviridae 137. Herpes Simplex Virus 138. Chickenpox and Herpes Zoster (Varicella-Zoster Virus) 139. Cytomegalovirus 140. Epstein-Barr Virus (Infectious Mononucleosis) 141. Human Herpesvirus Types 6 and 7 142. Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus Type 8) 143. Herpes B Virus Section C. Adenoviridae 144. Adenovirus Section D. Papovaviridae 145. Papillomaviruses 146. JC, BK, and Other Polyomaviruses; Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Hepadnaviridae 147. Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis Delta Virus Section E. Parvoviridae 148. Human Parvoviruses 149. Orthoreoviruses, Orbiviruses, Coltiviruses 150. Seadornaviruses (Colorado Tick Fever) 151. Rotaviruses 152. Alphaviruses, Including Chickungunya 153. Rubella Virus (German Measles) PART IV. Flaviviruses 154. Flaviviruses (Yellow Fever, Dengue, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile Encephalitis, St. Louis Encephalitis, Tick-Borne Encephalitis) 155. Hepatitis C Section A. Coronaviridae 156. Coronaviruses, Including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-Associated Coronavirus Section B. Paramyxoviridae 157. Parainfluenza Viruses 158. Mumps Virus 159. Respiratory Syncytial Virus 160. Human Metapneumovirus 161. Measles Virus (Rubeola) 162. Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses: Hendra, Nipah, and Menangle Viruses Section C. Rhabdoviridae 163. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and Related Viruses 164. Rabies (Rhabdoviruses) Section D. Filoviridae 165. Marburg and Ebola Virus Hemorrhagic Fevers Section E. Orthomyxoviridae 166. Influenza Viruses Including Avian Influenza Section F. Bunyaviridae 167. California Encephalitis, Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, and Bunyavirid Hemorrhagic Fevers Section G. Arenaviridae 168. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus, Lassa Virus, and the South American Hemorrhagic Fevers Section H. Retroviridae 169. Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Types I and II 170. Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Section I. Picornaviridae 171. Introduction to the Enteroviruses 172. Poliovirus 173. Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses, and Newer Enteroviruses 174. Parechoviruses 175. Hepatitis A Virus 176. Rhinovirus PART V. Caliciviridae and Other Gastrointestinal Viruses 177. Noroviruses and Other Caliciviruses 178. Astroviruses and Picobirnaviruses Section A. Unclassified Viruses 179. Hepatitis E Virus Section B. Prion Diseases 180. Prions and Prion Diseases of the Central Nervous System (Transmissible Neurodegenerative Diseases) Section C. Chlamydial Diseases 181. Chlamydia trachomatis (Trachoma, Perinatal Infections, Lymphogranuloma Venereum, and Other Genital Infections) 182. Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) Psittaci (Psittacosis) 183. Chlamydia Pneumoniae 184. Mycoplasma Pneumoniae and Atypical Pneumonia Section D. Mycoplasma Diseases 185. Genital Mycoplasmas: Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma Species Section E. Rickettsioses, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmosis 186. Introduction to Rickettsioses, Ehrlichioses and Anaplasmosis 187. Rickettsia Rickettsii and Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Other Spotted Fevers) 188. Rickettsia Akari (Rickettsialpox) 189. Coxiella Burnetii (Q Fever) 190. Rickettsia Prowazekii (Epidemic or Louse-Borne Typhus) 191. Rickettsia typhi (Murine Typhus) 192. Orientia Tsutsugamushi 193. Ehrlichia Chaffeensis and Ehrlichia Phagocytophila Section F. Bacterial Diseases 194. Introduction to Bacteria and Bacterial Diseases Section G. Gram-Positive Cocci 195. Staphylococcus aureus (Including Staphylococcal Toxic Shock) 196. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Other Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci 197. Classification of Streptococci 198. Streptococcus Pyogenes 199. Nonsuppurative Poststreptococcal Sequelae: Rheumatic Fever and Glomerulonephritis 200. Streptococcus pneumoniae 201. Enterococcus Species, Streptococcus bovis, and Leuconostoc Species 202. Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) 203. Viridans Streptococci, Groups C and G Streptococci, and Gemella morbillorum 204. Streptococcus anginosus Group Section H. Gram-Positive Bacilli 205. Corynebacterium diphtheriae 206. Corynebacteria other than Diphtheria and Rhodococcus 207. Listeria Monocytogenes 208. Bacillus Anthracis (Anthrax) 209. Bacillus Species and Other than Bacillus anthracis 210. Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae 211. Whipple's Disease Section I. Gram-Negative Cocci 212. Neisseria Meningitidis 213. Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 214. Moraxella Catarrhalis and Other Gram-Negative Cocci Section J. Gram-Negative Bacilli 215. Vibrio Cholerae 216. Other Pathogenic Vibrios 217. Campylobacter Jejuni and Related Species 218. Helicobacter Pylori and Other Gastric Helicobacter Species 219. Enterobacteriaceae 220. Pseudomonas Species, Including Ps. Aeruginosa 221. Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia and Burkholderia Cepacia Complex 222. Burkholderia Pseudomallei and Burkholderia Mallei 223. Acinetobacter Species 224. Salmonella Species, Including Salmonella Typhi 225. Shigella Species (Bacillary Dysentery) 226. Haemophilus Species (Incluing H. Influenzae and Chancroid) 227. Brucella Species 228. Francisella Tularensis (Tularemia) 229. Pasteurella Species 230. Yersinia Species, Including Plague 231. Bordetella Pertussis 232. Rat-Bite Fever Streptobacillus Moniliformis and Spirillum Minus 233. Legionella and Other Legionella Species 234. Capnocytophaga 235. Bartonella, Including Cat-Scratch Disease 236. Calymmatobacterium Granulomatis (Donovanosis, Granuloma Inguinale) 237. Other Gram-Negative and Gram-Variable Bacilli Section K. Spirochetes 238. Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) 239. Endemic Treponematoses 240. Leptospira Species (leptospirosis) 241. Relapsing Fevers Due to Borrelia Species 242. Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease, Lyme Borreliosis) Section L. Anaerobic Bacteria 243. Anaerobic Infections: General Concepts 244. Clostridium Difficile 245. Clostridium Tetani (Tetanus) 246. Clostridium Botulinum (Botulism) 247. Gas Gangrene and Other Clostridium-Associated Diseases 248. Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium Species (and Other Medically Important Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli) 249. Anaerobic Cocci and Anaerobic Gram-Positive Non-sporulating Bacilli Section M. Mycobacterial Diseases 250. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis 251. Mycobacterium Leprae 252. Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare 253. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Other Than M. Avium-Intracellulare Complex Section N. Higher Bacterial Diseases 254. Nocardia Species 255. Agents of Actinomycosis Section O. Mycoses 256. Introduction to Mycoses 257. Candida Species 258. Aspergillus Species 259. Agents of Mucormycosis 260. Sporothrix schenckii 261. Agents of Chromomycosis 262. Agents of Mycetoma 263. Cryptococcus neoformans 264. Histoplasma capsulatum 265. Blastomyces dermatitidis 266. Coccidioides Species 267. Dermatophytosis and Other Superficial Mycoses 268. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 269. Uncommon Fungi and Prototheca 270. Pneumocystis 271. Microsporidiosis Section H. Protozoal Diseases 272. Introduction to Protozoal Diseases 273. Entamoeba species including amoebiasis 274. Free-Living Amebas 275. Plasmodium Species (Malaria) 276. Leishmania Species: Visceral (Kala-Azar), Cutaneous, and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis 277. Biology of Trypanosoma Species (American Trypanosomiasis, Chagas' Disease): Biology of Trypanosomes 278. Agents of African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness) 279. Toxoplasma gondii 280. Giardia lamblia 281. Trichomonas vaginalis 282. Babesia Species 283. Cryptosporidium Species 284. Isospora belli, Sarcocystis Species, Blastocystis hominis and Cyclospora Section I. Diseases Due to Toxic Algae 285. Human Illness Associated with Harmful Algal Blooms John Glenn Morris Jr. Section J. Diseases Due to Helminths 286. Introduction to Helminth Infections 287. Intestinal Nematodes (Roundworms) 288. Tissue Nematodes, Including Trichinosis, Dracunculiasis, and the Filariases 289. Trematodes (Schistosomes and Other Flukes) 290. Cestodes (Tapeworms) 291. Visceral Larva Migrans and Other Unusual Helminth Infections Section K. Ectoparasitic Diseases 292. Introduction to Ectoparasitic Diseases 293. Lice (Pediculosis) 294. Scabies 295. Myiasis and Tungiasis 296. Mites (Including Chiggers) 297. Ticks (Including Tick Paralysis) Section L. Diseases of Unknown Etiology 298. Kawasaki Disease Part IV Special Problems Section A. Nosocominal Infections 299. Organization for Infection Control and Isolation 300. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Control of Hospital Waste 301. Infections Caused by Percutaneous Intravascular Devices 302. Nosocomial Pneumonia 303. Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections 304. Nosocomial Hepatitis 305. Infections Transmitted by Transfusion and Transplantation 306. Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Health Care Settings 307. Nosocomial Herpesvirus Infections Section B. Infections in Special Hosts 308. Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: General Principles 309. Prophylaxis and Empirical Therapy of Infection in Cancer Patients 310. Risk Factors and Approaches to Infections in Transplant Recipients 311. Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients 312. Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients 313. Infections in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury 314. Infections in the Elderly 315. Infections in Asplenic Patients 316. Infections in Injection Drug Users 317. Postoperative Infections and Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Section C. Surgical and Trauma-Related Infections 318. Infections in Patients with Burns 319. Bites Section D. Immunization 320. Immunization Section E. Zoonoses 321. Zoonoses Section F. Protection of Travelers 322. Protection of Travelers 323. Infections in Returning Travelers