Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases

John E. Bennett, MD, Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine; Bethesda, Maryland Raphael Dolin, MD, Maxwell Finland Professor of Medicine (Microbiology & Molecular Genetics), Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Part I Basic Principles in the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diseases Section A. Microbial Pathogenesis 1A Molecular Perspective of Microbial Pathogenicity 2Microbial Adherence 3Toxins Section B. Host Defense Mechanisms 4Innate (General or Nonspecific) Host Defense Mechanisms 5Human Genetics and Infection 6Antibodies 7Complement 8Granulocytic Phagocytes 9Cell-Mediated Defense Against Infection 10Nutrition, Immunity, and Infection 11Probiotics 12Evaluation of the Patient with Suspected Immunodeficiency Section C. Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases 13Epidemiologic Principles 14Outbreak Investigation 15Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats 16Hospital Preparedness for Emerging and Highly Contagious Infectious Diseases Section D. Clinical Microbiology 17The Clinician and the Microbiology Laboratory Section E. Anti-Infective Therapy 18Principles of Anti-infective Therapy 19Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria 20Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Anti-infective Agents 21Penicillins 22Cephalosporins 23Other -Lactam Antibiotics 24 -Lactam Allergy 25Fusidic Acid 26Aminoglycosides 27Tetracyclines and Chloramphenicol 28Rifamycins 29Metronidazole 30Macrolides, Clindamycin, and Ketolides 31Glycopeptides, Streptogramins, and Lipopeptides 32Polymyxins (Polymyxin B and Colistin) 33Oxazolidinones 34Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim 35Quinolones 36Unique Antibacterial Agents 37Urinary Tract Agents: Nitrofurantoin and Methenamine 38Topical Antibacterials 39Antimycobacterial Agents 40Antifungal Agents 41Antiviral Drugs (Other Than Antiretrovirals) 42Immunomodulators 43Hyperbaric Oxygen 44Agents Active against Parasites and Pneumocystis 45Complementary and Alternative Medicines for Infectious Diseases 46Antimicrobial Management: Cost and Resistance 47Interpretation of Clinical Trials of Antimicrobial Agents 48Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy 49Tables of Antimicrobial Agent Pharmacology Part II Major Clinical Syndromes Section A. Fever 50Temperature Regulation and the Pathogenesis of Fever 51Fever of Unknown Origin 52The Acutely Ill Patient with Fever and Rash Section B. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections 53The Common Cold 54Pharyngitis 55Actue Laryngitis 56Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup) 57Otitis Externa, Otitis Media, and Mastoiditis 58Sinusitis 59Epiglottitis 60Infections of the Oral Cavity, Neck, and Head Section C. Pleuropulmonary and Bronchial Infections 61Acute Bronchitis 62COPD, Chronic Bronchitis, and Acute Exacerbations 63Bronchiolitis 64Acute Pneumonia 65Empyema and Pleural Effusion 66Lung Abscess 67Chronic Pneumonia 68Cystic Fibrosis Section D. Urinary Tract Infections 69Urinary Tract Infections Section E. Sepsis 70Sepsis, Severe Sepsis, and Septic Shock Section F. Intra-abdominal Infection 71Peritonitis and Intraperitoneal Abscesses 72Infections of the Liver and Biliary System 73Pancreatic Infections 74Splenic Abscess 75Appendicitis 76Diverticulitis and Typhlitis Section G. Cardiovascular Infections 77Endocarditis and Intravascular Infections 78Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis 79Infections of Non-Valvular Cardiovascular Devices 80Prophylaxis of Infective Endocarditis 81Myocarditis and Pericarditis 82Mediastinitis Section H. Central Nervous System Infections 83Approach to the Patient with Central Nervous System Infection 84Acute Meningitis 85Infections of CSF Shunts 86Chronic Meningitis 87Encephalitis, Myelitis, and Neuritis 88Brain Abscess 89Subdural Empyema, Epidural Abscess, and Intracranial Suppurative Thrombophlebitis Section I. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections 90Cellulitis, Necrotizing Fasciitis and Subcutaneous Tissue Infections 91Myositis 92Lymphadenitis and Lymphangitis Section J. Gastrointestinal Infections and Food Poisoning 93Principles and Syndromes of Enteric Infection 94Esophagitis 95Nausea, Vomiting, and Noninflammatory Diarrhea 96Antibiotic-Associated Colitis 97Inflammatory Enteritides 98Enteric Fever and Other Causes of Abdominal Symptoms with Fever 99Foodborne Disease 100Tropical Sprue/Enteropathy 101Whipple's Disease Section K. Bone and Joint Infections 102Infectious Arthritis 103Osteomyelitis 104Infections in Prostheses in Bones and Joints Secction L. Diseases of the Reproductive Organs and Sexually Transmitted Diseases 105Genital Skin and Mucous Membrane Lesions 106Urethritis 107Vulvovaginitis and Cervicitis 108Infections of the Female Pelvis 109Prostatitis, Epididymitis, and Orchitis Section M. Eye Infections 110Microbial Conjunctivitis 111Microbial Keratitis 112Endophthalmitis 113Infectious Causes of Uveitis 114Periocular Infections Section N. Hepatitis 115Acutel Hepatitis 116Chronic Viral Hepatitis Section O. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 117Global Perspectives on HIV Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 118Epidemiology and Prevention of AIDS and HIV Infection 119Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 120The Immunology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 121General Clinical Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 122Pulmonary Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 123GI and Hepatobiliary Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 124Neurologic Diseases Caused by HIV-1 and Opportunistic Infections 125Malignancies in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 126Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Women 127Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 128Antiretroviral Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 129Management of Opportunistic Infections Associated with HIV Infection 130Vaccines for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection Section P. Miscellaneous Syndromes 131Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Part III Infectious Diseases and Their Etiologic Agents Section A. Viral Diseases 132Introduction to Viruses and Viral Diseases - DNA Viruses - Poxviridae 133Orthopoxviruses: Vaccinia, Variola, Monkeypox, and Cowpox 134Other Poxviruses: Parapoxviruses, Molluscum Contagiosum, and Tanapox Herpesviridae 135Introduction to Herpesviridae 136Herpes Simplex Virus 137Varicella-Zoster Virus 138Cytomegalovirus 139Epstein-Barr Virus (Infectious Mononucleosis) 140Human Herpesvirus Types 6 and 7 141Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus Type 8) 142Herpes B Virus - Adenoviridae 143Adenovirus - Papovaviridae 144Papillomaviruses 145JC, BK, and Other Polyomaviruses; Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy - Hepadnaviridae 146Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis Delta Virus - Parvoviridae 147Human Parvoviruses - RNA Viruses - Reoviridae 148Orthoreoviruses and Orbiviruses 149Coltiviruses and Seadornaviruses (Colorado Tick Fever) 150Rotaviruses - Togaviridae 151Alphaviruses 152Rubella Virus (German Measles) - Flaviviruses 153Flaviviruses (Yellow Fever, Dengue, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile Encephalitis, St. Louis Encephalitis, Tick-Borne Encephalitis) 154Hepatitis C - Coronaviridae 155Coronaviruses, Including SARS-Associated Coronavirus Paramyxoviridae 156Parainfluenza Viruses 157Mumps Virus 158Respiratory Syncytial Virus 159Human Metapneumovirus 160Measles Virus (Rubeola) 161Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses: Hendra, Nipah, and Menangle Viruses Rhabdoviridae 162Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and Related Viruses 163Rhabdoviruses - Filoviridae 164Marburg and Ebola Virus Hemorrhagic Fevers - Orthomyxoviridae 165Influenza Viruses Including Avian Influenza - Bunyaviridae 166California Encephalitis, Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, and Bunyavirid Hemorrhagic Fevers - Arenaviridae 167Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus, Lassa Virus, and the South American Hemorrhagic Fevers - Retroviridae 168Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Types I and II 169Human Immunodeficiency Viruses - Picornaviridae 170Introduction to the Enteroviruses 171Poliovirus 172Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses, and Newer Enteroviruses 173Hepatitis A Virus - Caliciviridae and Other Gastrointestinal Viruses 174Rhinovirus 175Noroviruses and Other Caliciviruses 176Astroviruses and Picobirnaviruses - Unclassified Viruses 177Hepatitis E Virus Section B. Prion Diseases 178Prions and Prion Diseases of the Central Nervous System (Transmissible Neurodegenerative Diseases) Section C. Chlamydial Diseases 179Introduction to Chlamydial Diseases 180Chlamydia trachomatis (Trachoma, Perinatal Infections, Lymphogranuloma Venereum, and Other Genital Infections) 181Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) psittaci (Psittacosis) 182Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae 183Introduction to Mycoplasma Diseases 184Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Atypical Pneumonia Section D. Mycoplasma Diseases 185Genital Mycoplasmas: Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma Species Section E. Rickettsioses, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmosis 186Introduction to Rickettsioses, Ehrlichioses and Anaplasmosis 187Rickettsia rickettsii and Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Other Spotted Fevers) 188Rickettsia akari (Rickettsialpox) 189Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever) 190Rickettsia prowazekii (Epidemic or Louse-Borne Typhus) 191Rickettsia typhi (Murine Typhus) 192Orientia Tsutsugamushi 193Ehrlichia Chaffeensis and Ehrlichia Phagocytophila Section F. Bacterial Diseases 194Introduction to Bacteria and Bacterial Diseases - Gram-Positive Cocci 195Staphylococcus aureus (Including Staphylococcal Toxic Shock) 196Staphylococcus epidermidis and Other Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci 197Classification of Streptococci 198Streptococcus pyogenes 199Nonsuppurative Poststreptococcal Sequelae: Rheumatic Fever and Glomerulonephritis 200Streptococcus pneumoniae 201Enterococcus Species, Streptococcus bovis, and Leuconostoc Species 202Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) 203Viridans Streptococci, Groups C and G Streptococci, and Gemella morbillorum 204Streptococcus anginosus Group - Gram-Positive Bacilli 205Corynebacterium diphtheriae 206Corynebacteria other than Diphtheria and Rhodococcus 207Listeria monocytogenes 208Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) 209Bacillus Species and Other than Bacillus anthracis 210Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae - Gram-Negative Cocci 211Neisseria meningitidis 212Neisseria gonorrhoeae 213Moraxella catarrhalis and Other Gram-Negative Cocci - Gram-Negative Bacilli 214Vibrio cholerae 215Other Pathogenic Vibrios 216Campylobacter jejuni and Related Species 217Helicobacter pylori and Other Gastric Helicobacter Species 218Enterobacteriaceae 219Pseudomonas species, including Ps. aeruginosa 220Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia complex 221Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei 222Acinetobacter Species 223Salmonella Species, Including Salmonella typhi 224Shigella Species (Bacillary Dysentery) 225Haemophilus species (incluing H. influenzae and chancroid) 226Brucella Species 227Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) 228Pasteurella Species 229Yersinia Species, Including Plague 230Bordetella Pertussis 231Rat-Bite Fever Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus 232Legionella 233Other Legionella Species 234Capnocytophaga 235Bartonella, Including Cat-Scratch Disease 236Calymmatobacterium granulomatis (Donovanosis, Granuloma Inguinale) 237Other Gram-Negative and Gram-Variable Bacilli - Spirochetes 238Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) 239Endemic Treponematoses 240Leptospira Species (leptospirosis) 241Borrelia Species (Relapsing Fever) 242Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease, Lyme Borreliosis) - Anaerobic Bacteria 243Anaerobic Infections: General Concepts 244Clostridium tetani (Tetanus) 245Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) 246Gas Gangrene and Other Clostridium-Associated Diseases 247Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium Species 248Anaerobic Cocci; Anaerobic 249Anaerobic Gram-Positive Non-sporulating Bacilli - Mycobacterial Diseases 250Mycobacterium tuberculosis 251Mycobacterium leprae 252Mycobacterium Avium-intracellulare 253Infections due to Mycobacteria other than M. tuberculosis and M. Avium Complex -Higher Bacterial Diseases 254Nocardia Species 255Agents of Actinomycosis Section G. Mycoses 256Introduction to Mycoses 257Candida Species 258Aspergillus Species 259Agents of Mucormycosis 260Sporothrix schenckii 261Agents of Chromomycosis 262Agents of Mycetoma 263Cryptococcus neoformans 264Histoplasma capsulatum 265Blastomyces dermatitidis 266Coccidioides Species 267Dermatophytosis and Other Superficial Mycoses 268Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 269Uncommon Fungi and Prototheca 270Pneumocystis 271Microsporidiosis Section H. Protozoal Diseases 272Introduction to Protozoal Diseases 273Entamoeba species including amoebiasis 274Free-Living Amebas 275Plasmodium Species (Malaria) 276Leishmania Species: Visceral, Cutaneous, and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis 277Biology of Trypanosoma Species 278Agents of African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness) 279Toxoplasma gondii 280Giardia lamblia 281Trichomonas vaginalis 282Babesia Species 283Cryptosporidium Species 284Isospora belli, Sarcocystis Species, Blastocystis hominis and Cyclospora Section I. Diseases Due to Toxic Algae 285Human Illness Associated with Harmful Algal Blooms Section J. Diseases Due to Helminths 286Introduction to Helminth Infections 287Intestinal Nematodes (Roundworms) 288Tissue Nematodes, Including Trichinosis, Dracunculiasis, and the Filariases 289Trematodes (Schistosomes and Other Flukes) 290Cestodes (Tapeworms) 291Visceral Larva Migrans and Other Unusual Helminth Infections Section K. Ectoparasitic Diseases 292Introduction to Ectoparasitic Diseases 293Lice (Pediculosis) 294Scabies 295Myiasis and Tungiasis 296Mites (Including Chiggers) 297Ticks (Including Tick Paralysis) Section L. Diseases of Unknown Etiology 298Kawasaki Syndrome Part IV Special Problems Section A. Nosocominal Infections 299Organization for Infection Control 300Isolation 301Disinfection, Sterilization, and Control of Hospital Waste 302Infections Caused by Percutaneous Intravascular Devices 303Nosocomial Pneumonia 304Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections 305Nosocomial Hepatitis and Other Infections Transmitted by Blood and Blood Products 306Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Health Care Settings 307Nosocomial Herpesvirus Infections Section B. Infections in Special Hosts 308Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: General Principles 309Prophylaxis and Empirical Therapy of Infection in Cancer Patients 310Risk Factors and Approaches to Infections in Transplant Recipients 311Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients 312Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients 313Infections in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury 314Infections in the Elderly 315Infections in Asplenic Patients 316Infections in Injection Drug Users 317Postoperative Infections and Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Section C. Surgical and Trauma-Related Infections 318Infections in Patients with Burns 319Bites Section D. Immunization 320Immunization Section E. Biodefense 321Bioterrorism: An Overview 322Plague as Bioterrorism Weapon 323Tularemia as a Bioterrorism Weapon 324Smallpox as an Agent of Bioterrorism 325Anthrax as an Agent of Bioterrorism 326Botulinum Toxin as an Agent of Bioterrorism 327Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers as Agents of Bioterrorism Section F. Zoonoses 328Zoonoses Section G. Protection of Travelers 329Protection of Travelers 330Infections in Returning Travelers