Memory and the Computational Brain (eBook)

C. R. Gallistel is Co-Director of the Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science. He is one of the foremost psychologists working on the foundations of cognitive neuroscience. His publications include The Symbolic Foundations of Conditional Behavior (2002), and The Organization of Learning (1990). Adam Philip King is Assistant Professor of Mathematics at Fairfield University.

Preface.

1. Information.

Shannon's Theory of Communication.

Measuring Information.

Efficient Coding.

Information and the Brain.

Digital and Analog Signals.

Appendix: The Information Content of Rare Versus Common Events and Signals.

2. Bayesian Updating.

Bayes' Theorem and Our Intuitions About Evidence.

Using Bayes' Rule.

Summary.

3. Functions.

Functions of One Argument.

Composition and Decomposition of Functions.

Functions of More than One Argument.

The Limits to Functional Decomposition.

Functions Can Map to Multi-Part Outputs.

Mapping to Multiple-Element Outputs Does Not Increase Expressive Power.

Defining Particular Functions.

Summary: Physical/Neurobiological Implications of Facts about Functions.

4. Representations.

Some Simple Examples.

Notation.

The Algebraic Representation of Geometry.

5. Symbols.

Physical Properties of Good Symbols.

Symbol Taxonomy.

Summary.

6. Procedures.

Algorithms.

Procedures, Computation, and Symbols.

Coding and Procedures.

Two Senses of Knowing.

A Geometric Example.

7. Computation.

Formalizing Procedures.

The Turing Machine.

Turing Machine for the Successor Function.

Turing Machines for f is _even

Turing Machines for f+

Minimal Memory Structure.

General Purpose Computer.

Summary.

8. Architectures.

One-Dimensional Look-Up Tables (If-Then Implementation).

Adding State Memory: Finite-State Machines.

Adding Register Memory.

Summary.

9. Data Structures.

Finding Information in Memory.

An Illustrative Example.

Procedures and the Coding of Data Structures.

The Structure of the Read-Only Biological Memory.

10. Computing with Neurons.

Transducers and Conductors.

Synapses and the Logic Gates.

The Slowness of It All.

The Time-Scale Problem.

Synaptic Plasticity.

Recurrent Loops in Which Activity Reverberates.

11. The Nature of Learning.

Learning As Rewiring.

Synaptic Plasticity and the Associative Theory of Learning.

Why Associations Are Not Symbols.

Distributed Coding.

Learning As the Extraction and Preservation of Useful Information.

Updating an Estimate of One's Location.

12. Learning Time and Space.

Computational Accessibility.

Learning the Time of Day.

Learning Durations.

Episodic Memory.

13. The Modularity of Learning.

Example 1: Path Integration.

Example 2: Learning the Solar Ephemeris.

Example 3: "Associative" Learning.

Summary.

14. Dead Reckoning in a Neural Network.

Reverberating Circuits as Read/Write Memory Mechanisms.

Implementing Combinatorial Operations by Table-Look-Up.

The Full Model.

The Ontogeny of the Connections?

How Realistic is the Model?

Lessons to be Drawn.

Summary.

15. Neural Models of Interval Timing.

Timing an Interval on First Encounter.

Dworkin's Paradox.

Neurally Inspired Models.

The Deeper Problems.

16. The Molecular Basis of Memory.

The Need to Separate Theory of Memory from Theory of Learning.

The Coding Question.

A Cautionary Tale.

Why Not Synaptic Conductance?

A Molecular or Sub-Molecular Mechanism?

Bringing the Data to the Computational Machinery.

Is It Universal?

References.

Glossary.

Index.

"The book covers wide-ranging ground--indeed, it passes for a
computer science or philosophy textbook in places--but it does so
in a consistently lucid and engaging fashion." (CHOICE,
December 2009)

"The authors provide a cogent set of ideas regarding a kind of
brain functional architecture that could serve as a
thought-provoking alternative to that envisioned by current dogma.
If one is seriously concerned with understanding and investigating
the brain and how it operates, taking the time to absorb the ideas
conveyed in this book is likely to be time well spent."
(PsycCRITIQUES, November 2009)

"Along with a light complement of fascinating psychological case
studies of representations of space and time, and a heavy set of
polemical sideswipes at neuroscientists and their hapless
computational fellow travelers, this book has the simple goal of
persuading us of the importance of a particular information
processing mechanism that it claims does not currently occupy
center stage." (Nature Neuroscience, October 2009)

"Any scientist seriously interested in how the brain does its work
will find Gallistel and King's new book indispensable. It
challenges modern dogma and does so in a clear and compelling
manner."

-Michael Gazzaniga, University of California, Santa Barbara

"Gallistel and King present a provocative challenge to our
current "standard model" of information processing in the brain.
This book's ideas should be read and digested by both cognitive
scientists and neuroscientists - anyone seriously interested in the
biological or computational underpinnings of learning."

-Joshua B. Tenenbaum, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology

"A lucid and convincing argument for a particular architecture
for encoding information in the brain, based on some key notions of
computational cognitive science, a significant contribution to
neuroscience."

-Aravind K. Joshi, University of Pennsylvania