Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization

Adam P. Fraise, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Jean-Yves Maillard, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University Syed A. Sattar, Centre for Research in Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

List of Contributors vii Preface to the Fifth Edition x Preface to the First Edition xi SECTION 1 Principles 1 Historical Introduction 1 Adam P. Fraise 2 Types of Microbicidal and Microbistatic Agents 5 Ibrahim Al-Adham, Randa Haddadin and Phillip Collier 3 Factors Affecting the Activities of Microbicides 71 Jean-Yves Maillard 4 Biofilm Recalcitrance: Theories and Mechanisms 87 Andrew J. McBain, Najib Sufya and Alexander H. Rickard 5 Mechanisms of Action of Microbicides 95 Peter A. Lambert 6 Bacterial Sensitivity and Resistance to Microbicides 108 6.1 Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Microbicides 108 Jean-Yves Maillard 6.2 Resistance of Bacterial Spores to Chemical Agents 121 Peter Setlow 6.3 Testing of Chemicals as Mycobactericidal Agents 131 Syed A. Sattar 7 Fungicidal Activity of Microbicides 142 Sara Fernandes, Marta Simoes, Nicolina Dias, Cledir Santos and Nelson Lima 8 Sensitivity and Resistance of Protozoa to Microbicides 155 Vincent Thomas 9 Virucidal Activity of Microbicides 178 Jean-Yves Maillard, Syed A. Sattar and Federica Pinto 10 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies and Decontamination 208 Gerald McDonnell 11 Microbicides the Double-edged Sword: Environmental Toxicity and Emerging Resistance 229 Jean-Marie Pages, Jean-Yves Maillard, Anne Davin-Regli and Susan Springthorpe SECTION 2 Practice 12 Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effi cacy 236 Lawrence Staniforth 13 Assessing the Efficacy of Professional Healthcare Antiseptics: a Regulatory Perspective 247 Albert T. Sheldon 14 Regulation of Microbicides 255 14.1 Legislation Affecting Disinfectant Products in Europe: the Biocidal Products Directive and the Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals Regulations 255 Jennifer A. Hopkins 14.2 Regulatory Authorization of Hard Surface Disinfectants in Canada 262 Andre G. Craan, Ian A. Chisholm and Shannon C. Wright 14.3 United States Regulation of Antimicrobial Pesticides 269 Sally Hayes 15 Sterilization Processes 277 15.1 Heat Sterilization 277 Charles O. Hancock 15.2 Radiation Sterilization 294 Peter A. Lambert 15.3 Gaseous Sterilization 306 Jean-Yves Dusseau, Patrick Duroselle and Jean Freney 15.4 Gas Plasma Sterilization 333 Gerald McDonnell 15.5 Filtration Sterilization 343 Susannah E. Walsh and Stephen P. Denyer 16 New and Emerging Technologies 371 Peter A. Burke and Gerald McDonnell 17 Preservation of Medicines and Cosmetics 388 Sarah J. Hiom 18 Sterility Assurance: Concepts, Methods and Problems 408 Richard Bancroft 19 Special Problems in Hospital Environments 418 19.1 Hand Hygiene 418 Benedetta Allegranzi and Didier Pittet 19.2 Decontamination of the Environment and Medical Equipment in Hospitals 445 Adam P. Fraise 19.3 Decontamination of Endoscopes 459 Michelle J. Alfa and Christina Bradley 19.4 Issues Associated with the Decontamination of Laundry and Clinical Waste 471 Peter Hoffman 19.5 Treated Recreational Water Venues 478 Darla M. Goeres, Philippe Hartemann and John V. Dadswell 20 Antimicrobial Surfaces and Devices 485 20.1 Antimicrobial Surfaces 485 Gareth J. Williams 20.2 Antimicrobial Devices 500 Brendan F. Gilmore and Sean P. Gorman 20.3 Antimicrobial Dressings 514 Valerie Edwards-Jones 20.4 Antimicrobial Textiles and Testing Techniques 520 Robert A. Monticello and Peter D. Askew 21 Other Health Sectors 530 21.1 Use of Microbicides in Disinfection of Contact Lenses 530 Patrick J. McCormick, Susan E. Norton and James J. Kaiser 21.2 Special Issues in Dentistry 537 Jonathan L.S. Caplin 22 Emerging Natural Technologies 550 22.1 Natural Products 550 Rose Cooper 22.2 Applications of Bacteriophage Technology 565 Geoffrey W. Hanlon 23 Control of Infectious Bioagents 576 Les Baillie and Steven Theriault Index 589