Russell, Hugo and Ayliffe's Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization

Edited by Adam P. Fraise, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK Jean-Yves Maillard, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Syed A. Sattar, Centre for Research in Environmental Microbiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

List of Contributors vii

Preface to the Fifth Edition x

Preface to the First Edition xi

Section 1 Principles

1 Historical Introduction 1
Adam P. Fraise

2 Types of Microbicidal and Microbistatic Agents 5
Ibrahim Al-Adham Randa Haddadin and Phillip Collier

3 Factors Affecting the Activities of Microbicides 71
Jean-Yves Maillard

4 Biofilm Recalcitrance: Theories and Mechanisms 87
Andrew J. McBain Najib Sufya and Alexander H. Rickard

5 Mechanisms of Action of Microbicides 95
Peter A. Lambert

6 Bacterial Sensitivity and Resistance to Microbicides 108

6.1 Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Microbicides 108
Jean-Yves Maillard

6.2 Resistance of Bacterial Spores to Chemical Agents 121
Peter Setlow

6.3 Testing of Chemicals as Mycobactericidal Agents 131
Syed A. Sattar

7 Fungicidal Activity of Microbicides 142
Sara Fernandes Marta Simões Nicolina Dias Cledir Santos and Nelson Lima

8 Sensitivity and Resistance of Protozoa to Microbicides 155
Vincent Thomas

9 Virucidal Activity of Microbicides 178
Jean-Yves Maillard Syed A. Sattar and Federica Pinto

10 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies and Decontamination 208
Gerald McDonnell

11 Microbicides – the Double-edged Sword: Environmental Toxicity and Emerging Resistance 229
Jean-Marie Pagès Jean-Yves Maillard Anne Davin-Regli and Susan Springthorpe

Section 2 Practice

12 Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy 236
Lawrence Staniforth

13 Assessing the Efficacy of Professional Healthcare Antiseptics: a Regulatory Perspective 247
Albert T. Sheldon

14 Regulation of Microbicides 255

14.1 Legislation Affecting Disinfectant Products in Europe: the Biocidal Products Directive and the Registration Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals Regulations 255
Jennifer A. Hopkins

14.2 Regulatory Authorization of Hard Surface Disinfectants in Canada 262
Andre G. Craan Ian A. Chisholm and Shannon C. Wright

14.3 United States Regulation of Antimicrobial Pesticides 269
Sally Hayes

15 Sterilization Processes 277

15.1 Heat Sterilization 277
Charles O. Hancock

15.2 Radiation Sterilization 294
Peter A. Lambert

15.3 Gaseous Sterilization 306
Jean-Yves Dusseau Patrick Duroselle and Jean Freney

15.4 Gas Plasma Sterilization 333
Gerald McDonnell

15.5 Filtration Sterilization 343
Susannah E. Walsh and Stephen P. Denyer

16 New and Emerging Technologies 371
Peter A. Burke and Gerald McDonnell

17 Preservation of Medicines and Cosmetics 388
Sarah J. Hiom

18 Sterility Assurance: Concepts Methods and Problems 408
Richard Bancroft

19 Special Problems in Hospital Environments 418

19.1 Hand Hygiene 418
Benedetta Allegranzi and Didier Pittet

19.2 Decontamination of the Environment and Medical Equipment in Hospitals 445
Adam P. Fraise

19.3 Decontamination of Endoscopes 459
Michelle J. Alfa and Christina Bradley

19.4 Issues Associated with the Decontamination of Laundry and Clinical Waste 471
Peter Hoffman

19.5 Treated Recreational Water Venues 478
Darla M. Goeres Philippe Hartemann and John V. Dadswell

20 Antimicrobial Surfaces and Devices 485

20.1 Antimicrobial Surfaces 485
Gareth J. Williams

20.2 Antimicrobial Devices 500
Brendan F. Gilmore and Sean P. Gorman

20.3 Antimicrobial Dressings 514
Valerie Edwards-Jones

20.4 Antimicrobial Textiles and Testing Techniques 520
Robert A. Monticello and Peter D. Askew

21 Other Health Sectors 530

21.1 Use of Microbicides in Disinfection of Contact Lenses 530
Patrick J. McCormick Susan E. Norton and James J. Kaiser

21.2 Special Issues in Dentistry 537
Jonathan L.S. Caplin

22 Emerging Natural Technologies 550

22.1 Natural Products 550
Rose Cooper

22.2 Applications of Bacteriophage Technology 565
Geoffrey W. Hanlon

23 Control of Infectious Bioagents 576
Les Baillie and Steven Theriault

Index 589