Pharmacotherapeutics in Medical Disorders (eBook)

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Donald E. Greydanus, Dilip R. Patel, Michigan State University, Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies, Kalamazoo, United States; Hatim A. Omar, Division of Adolescent Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States; Cynthia Feucht, Ferris State University, School of Pharmacy, Kalamazoo, United States; Joav Merrick, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and Health Services, Ministry of Social Affairs, Jerusalem, Israel.

Forword 17
Contributors 21
Abbreviations 25
1 Introduction – Pharmacotherapeutics in medical disorders 37
2 Dermatology 43
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 Skin Infections and Infestations 43
2.2.1 Bacterial infections 43
2.2.2 Viral infections 53
2.2.3 Fungal infections 59
2.2.4 Infestations 62
2.3 Dermatitis 65
2.3.1 Nonallergic dermatitis 65
2.3.2 Allergic dermatitides 66
2.3.3 Idiopathic dermatitides 69
2.4 Hypersensivity 70
2.4.1 Urticaria 70
2.4.2 Erythema multiforme 71
2.4.3 Drug eruptions 71
2.5 Miscellaneous Skin Conditions 73
2.5.1 Acne vulgaris 73
2.5.2 Nevi 76
2.5.3 Papulosquamous disorders 79
2.6 Dermatologic manifestations of systematic disorders 86
2.6.1 Pruritus without rash 86
2.6.2 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 86
2.6.3 Erythema nodosum 87
2.6.4 Pyoderma gangrenosum 87
2.6.5 Less common skin manifestations 87
2.6.6 Management 87
2.7 Collagen Vascular Disease 87
2.7.1 Lupus erythematosus (LE) 87
2.7.2 Dermatomyositis 88
2.7.3 Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) 88
2.7.4 Management 88
2.8 Endocrinologic Disorders 88
2.8.1 Thyroid disorders 88
2.8.2 Diabetes mellitus 89
2.8.3 Adrenal disorders 89
2.8.4 Management 89
2.9 Hair and Nails 89
2.9.1 Alopecia areata 89
2.9.2 Management of alopecia areata 90
2.9.3 Telogen effluvium 91
2.9.4 Androgenic alopecia 91
2.9.5 Trichotillomania 92
2.9.6 Traction alopecia 92
2.9.7 Hirsutism and hypertrichosis 92
2.9.8 Hair changes with systemic disease 93
2.9.9 Infection 93
2.9.10 Herpetic whitlow 94
2.9.11 Bacterial 94
2.9.12 Ingrown nail 95
2.9.13 Fungal 95
2.9.14 Onychodystrophy 96
2.9.15 Nail changes with systemic and nutritional disorders 97
2.10 Summary 98
3 Disorders of the endocrine system 101
3.1 Introduction 101
3.2 Thyroid Hormone Disorders 101
3.2.1 Hypothyroidism 101
3.2.2 Hyperthyroidism 102
3.3 Central Diabetes Insipidus (DI) 104
3.4 Adrenal Gland Disorders 105
3.4.1 Hypoadrenocorticism 106
3.4.2 Hyperadrenocorticism 107
3.5 Disorders of Vitamin D, Calcium Metabolism, and Parathyroid Hormone 108
3.5.1 Rickets 108
3.5.2 Hypocalcemia 110
3.5.3 Hypercalcemia 110
3.6 Disorders of Pubertal Development 111
3.6.1 Normal pubertal development in girls 111
3.6.2 Gonadotropin-independent or peripheral precocious puberty (PPP) 113
3.6.3 Delayed puberty 114
3.7 Growth Disorders 116
3.7.1 Short stature 116
3.7.2 Tall stature 119
3.8 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) 119
3.9 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) 120
3.9.1 Epidemiology 120
3.9.2 Etiopathogenesis 120
3.9.3 Clinical presentation 121
3.9.4 Diagnostic criteria 121
3.9.5 Management 121
3.10 Conclusions 126
4 Neurologic disorders 129
4.1 Epilepsy 129
4.1.1 Epidemiology 129
4.1.2 Classification 129
4.1.3 Differential diagnosis 129
4.1.4 Management 130
4.1.5 Seizure prophylaxis 132
4.1.6 Medications commonly used for focal epilepsy 134
4.1.7 Acute seizure management for status epilepticus 134
4.2 Headaches 135
4.2.1 Epidemiology 135
4.2.2 Headache classification 135
4.2.3 Management 135
4.3 Tic disorders 138
4.3.1 Epidemiology 139
4.3.2 Differential diagnosis/diagnostic evaluation 139
4.3.3 Treatment 140
4.4 Tremor 145
4.4.1 Epidemiology 145
4.4.2 Differential diagnosis 145
4.5 Conclusions 149
5 Gastrointestinal disorders 155
5.1 Irritable bowel syndrome 155
5.1.1 Epidemiology 155
5.1.2 Differential diagnosis 155
5.1.3 Management 156
5.2 Constipation 156
5.2.1 Epidemiology 157
5.2.2 Differential diagnosis 157
5.2.3 Management 158
5.3 Gastroesophageal reflux disease 158
5.3.1 Epidemiology 158
5.3.2 Differential diagnosis 159
5.3.3 Management 159
5.4 Eosinophilic esophagitis 160
5.4.1 Epidemiology 160
5.4.2 Differential diagnosis 160
5.4.3 Management 161
5.5 Celiac disease 161
5.5.1 Epidemiology 162
5.5.2 Differential diagnosis 162
5.5.3 Management 162
5.6 Inflammatory bowel disease 162
5.6.1 Epidemiology 163
5.6.2 Differential diagnosis 164
5.6.3 Management 164
5.7 Hepatitis 165
5.7.1 Epidemiology 166
5.7.2 Differential diagnosis 167
5.7.3 Management 167
5.8 Pancreatitis 168
5.8.1 Epidemiology 169
5.8.2 Differential diagnosis 169
5.8.3 Management 169
5.9 Conclusions 170
6 Adolescent hematology 173
6.1 Anemia 173
6.1.1 Mechanism of anemia 173
6.1.2 Clinical evaluation 176
6.1.3 Causes of Anemia 176
6.2 Hemoglobinopathies 186
6.2.1 Sickle cell disease (SCD) 186
6.2.2 Thalassemia 189
6.3 Disorders of neutrophils 190
6.3.1 Mechanism 190
6.3.2 Management of neutropenia 192
6.3.3 Specific treatment 193
6.4 Disorders of platelets 193
6.4.1 Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) 194
6.4.2 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) 196
6.4.3 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) 197
6.4.4 Disorders of hemostasis 197
6.4.5 Thrombotic disorders and thrombophilia 201
6.5 Summary 203
7 Pharmacotherapeutics of cancer in adolescents 207
7.1 Introduction 207
7.1.1 Etiology and risk factors 207
7.1.2 Diagnosis and treatment 208
7.1.3 Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) 209
7.2 Lymphoma 210
7.2.1 Hodgkin’s disease (HD) 210
7.2.2 Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 212
7.3 The leukemias 214
7.3.1 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) 215
7.3.2 Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) 218
7.4 Osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma) 220
7.5 Ewing’s sarcoma 221
7.6 Brain tumors 221
7.7 Germ cell tumors 222
7.8 Late effects 223
7.9 Summary 224
8 Sleep disorders in adolescents 227
8.1 Introduction 227
8.1.1 Sleep evaluation 230
8.2 Insomnia 231
8.2.1 Management 232
8.2.2 Excessive daytime sleepiness 239
8.3 Narcolepsy 240
8.3.1 Excessive daytime sleepiness 240
8.3.2 Other features of narcolepsy 242
8.4 Restless legs syndrome (RLS) 243
8.5 Klein-Levin syndrome 246
8.6 Sleep-disordered breathing 246
8.7 Enuresis 248
8.8 Parasomnias 249
8.9 Summary 252
9 Concepts of hypertension 255
9.1 Introduction 255
9.2 Measurement of blood pressure in children and adolescents 255
9.3 Causes of hypertension in children and adolescents 257
9.4 Evaluation of the hypertensive adolescent 258
9.5 Management of hypertension in adolescents 260
9.6 Pharmacologic treatment of hypertension in adolescents 260
9.7 Pregnancy 268
9.8 Summary 269
10 Pediatric cardiology 271
10.1 Introduction 271
10.2 Dyslipidemias 272
10.3 Lipid metabolism 273
10.3.1 Enzymes and cellular receptors associated with lipid metabolism 273
10.4 Familial hypercholesterolemias 274
10.5 Secondary hyperlipidemia 275
10.5.1 Management 275
10.5.2 Anticoagulants 278
10.6 Syncope 280
10.6.1 Management 280
10.7 Cardiac evaluation for ADHD medication 281
10.8 Conclusions 283
11 Pulmonary disorders 285
11.1 Introduction 285
11.2 Community-acquired pneumonia 285
11.2.1 Epidemiology 286
11.2.2 Diagnosis 286
11.2.3 Pharmacologic management 287
11.3 Cystic fibrosis 288
11.3.1 Epidemiology 289
11.3.2 Differential diagnosis 289
11.3.3 Pharmacologic management 289
11.3.4 Management of chronic cystic fibrosis 291
11.4 Asthma 293
11.4.1 Epidemiology 294
11.4.2 Differential diagnosis 294
11.4.3 Pharmacological management 294
11.5 Conclusions 301
12 Musculoskeletal disorders and sports injuries 305
12.1 Introduction 305
12.2 Salicylated NSAIDs 306
12.3 Nonsalicylated NSAIDs 308
12.3.1 Side effects of nonsalicylated NSAIDs 308
12.3.2 Drug interactions 315
12.3.3 Efficacy of NSAIDs in musculoskeletal injuries 315
12.4 Use and abuse of analgesics 322
12.5 Conclusions 324
13 Concepts of rheumatoid disorders 329
13.1 Introduction 329
13.1.1 Symptomatology 329
13.1.2 RD studies 332
13.2 Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) 332
13.2.1 Differential diagnosis 334
13.2.2 JIA complications 336
13.2.3 JIA Management 336
13.3 RD medication: general considerations 337
13.3.1 Analgesics 337
13.3.2 Corticosteroids 341
13.3.3 Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS) 343
13.3.4 Cytotoxic agents 343
13.3.5 Biological response modifiers 343
13.4 Management of spondyloarthropathies 351
13.5 Management miscellaneous RD and related disorders 351
13.6 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 351
13.6.1 Clinical features 357
13.6.2 Management 357
13.7 Conclusions 359
14 Concepts of metabolic disorders 363
14.1 Introduction 363
14.2 Incidence 363
14.3 Presentation 365
14.3.1 Mental subnormality 366
14.3.2 Phenylketonuria (PKU) 367
14.3.3 Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) 367
14.3.4 Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) 371
14.3.5 Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) 372
14.3.6 Refsum’s disease 372
14.3.7 Glycogen storage disease type I 372
14.3.8 Glycogen storage disease type II 373
14.3.9 Gaucher’s disease 373
14.3.10 Nieman-Pick disease (NPD) 377
14.3.11 Late-onset GM1 gangliosidosis 377
14.3.12 Late-onset GM2 gangliosidosis 378
14.3.13 Fabry disease 378
14.3.14 Alpha-mannosidosis 379
14.3.15 Late-onset urea cycle disorders 379
14.3.16 Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency 380
14.3.17 Alkaptonuria 380
14.3.18 Sanfillipo disease 381
14.3.19 Homocystinuria 382
14.3.20 Cystinuria 382
14.3.21 Wilson’s Disease 383
14.4 Conclusions 384
15 The kidney 387
15.1 Introduction 387
15.1.1 Some definitions 387
15.2 Urinary tract infection 388
15.2.1 Epidemiology 388
15.2.2 Etiology 390
15.2.3 Diagnosis 390
15.2.4 Management 393
15.3 Bacteriuria 394
15.4 Proteinuria 394
15.4.1 Quantification of proteinuria 395
15.4.2 Orthostatic proteinuria 395
15.4.3 Laboratory studies 397
15.5 Nephrotic syndrome 397
15.5.1 Etiology 397
15.5.2 Minimal Change disease (MCD) 398
15.5.3 Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 399
15.5.4 Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) 404
15.5.5 Membranous nephropathy 409
15.5.6 Management of nephrotic syndrome 412
15.6 Diabetic nephropathy 413
15.7 Hematuria 414
15.7.1 Etiology 414
15.7.2 Diagnosis 415
15.7.3 Laboratory studies 415
15.8 Glomerulonephritis (GN) 417
15.8.1 General 417
15.8.2 Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis 418
15.9 Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) nephritis 420
15.10 IgA nephropathy 421
15.11 Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 422
15.11.1 General 422
15.11.2 Diagnosis 422
15.11.3 Prognosis 423
15.12 Lupus nephritis 423
15.12.1 Serology 424
15.12.2 Classification 424
15.12.3 Treatment of lupus nephritis 424
15.13 Conclusion 426
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 431
16 About the editors 433
17 About the Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, MSU/Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States 435
18 About the Division of Adolescent Medicine at the University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 437
19 About the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in Israel 439
Index 443