Analysis of Burned Human Remains (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Chapter 1. Introduction 16
History of the First Edition 16
History of the Second Edition 17
Objectives of the Second Edition 18
Format of the Book 19
Acknowledgments for the First Edition 20
Acknowledgments for the Second Edition 21
Abbreviations 22
A Brief History of Paleopathology 23
Research in Paleopathology at the 25
Chapter 2. The Biology of Skeletal Tissues 26
Cellular Biology of Bone and Cartilage 26
Bone Cells 26
Cartilage Cells 29
Types of Cartilage 29
Growth and Development of Bone 30
Modeling of Skeletal Tissue 31
Types of Bone Tissue 34
Remodeling of Skeletal Tissue 36
Microscopic Bone Remodeling 37
Osteon Remodeling 39
Bone Biochemistry and Mineral Homeostasis 44
Growth and Development of the Spine 46
Growth and Development of Teeth 47
Vascular Conditions That Affect Bone Formation and Destruction 50
Chapter 3. Background Data in Paleopathology 52
Data Basic to Paleopathological Analysis 52
Age Determination 53
Ethnic Determination 54
Sex Determination 55
Stature Determination 56
Demographic Analysis 57
Archeological Excavation and Documentation 57
Chapter 4. Methods Used in the Analysis of Skeletal Lesions 60
Gross Study of Skeletal Lesions 60
Distribution of Lesions within the Skeleton 64
Types of Bone Abnormalities 65
Types of Abnormalities Associated with Joints 66
Radiological Study of Skeletal Lesions 72
Microscopic Study of Skeletal Lesions 78
Chapter 5. Recent Advances in Bone, Dentin, and Enamel Biochemistry 80
Introduction 80
Mineralized Tissue Cell Biology 80
The Mineral of Bone, Dentin, and Enamel 82
The Collagens of Bones and Teeth 83
The Noncollagenous Proteins of Bones and Teeth 86
Growth, Turnover, and Aging 87
Conclusions 87
Chapter 6. Light Microscopic Analysis in Skeletal Paleopathology 88
The Need for Microscopic Analysis 88
Materials and Methods 90
Postmortem Changes 93
General Comments on Proliferative Reactions 96
Periosteal Reactions on Long Bones 102
Meningeal Reactions 108
Fracture of Skull Vault and Concomitant Phenomena 111
Primary Inflammatory Processes of the Pericranium and Skull Vault 112
Porotic Hyperostosis 117
Pseudopathology 120
Conclusions and Summary 121
Chapter 7. Theoretical Issues in Paleopathology 124
Evolutionary Dynamics in The Human Response to Disease 125
Scientific Nature of Paleopathology 125
Diagnostic Issues in Paleopathology 126
Inferences about the Health Status of a Population Based on Evidence of Skeletal Disease 127
Limitations of Skeletal Evidence of Disease 128
Conclusions 133
Chapter 8. Trauma 134
Introduction 134
Fracture 135
Dislocation 174
Deformation 178
Scalping 180
Mutilation 182
Trephination 184
Traumatic Problems Arising from Pregnancy 189
Sincipital-T Mutilation 191
Summary and Conclusions 192
Chapter 9. Infectious Diseases: Introduction, Biology, Osteomyelitis, Periostitis, Brucellosis, Glanders, and Septic Arthritis 194
Introduction 194
Humoral Versus Cellular Responses to Infectious Agents 194
Vascular Changes in Response to Infectious Agents 195
The Biology of Infection 195
Osteomyelitis 196
Periostitis 221
Brucellosis 230
Glanders 236
Septic Arthritis 237
Chapter 10. Infectious Diseases: Tuberculosis and Leprosy 242
Tuberculosis 242
Leprosy 278
Chapter 11. Infectious Diseases: Treponematosis and Other Bacterial Infectious Diseases 288
Treponematosis 288
Leishmaniasis 334
Actinomycosis and Nocardiosis 334
Mycetoma (Maduromycosis) 338
Chapter 12. Infectious Diseases: Mycotic, Viral, and Multicelled Parasitic Diseases of the Human Skeleton 340
Introduction 340
Mycosis 340
Viral Infections 347
Multicelled Parasitic Infections-Echinococcosis 352
Sarcoidosis 355
Chapter 13. Circulatory Disturbances 358
Introduction 358
Blood Supply of Bones 358
Osteonecrosis 359
Necrosis of the Femoral Head 359
Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease and Slipped Femoral Capital Epiphysis 361
Other Disorders Associated with Osteonecrosis 364
Other Diseases Associated with Trauma 366
Chapter 14. Reticuloendothelial and Hematopoietic Disorders 374
Introduction 374
Reticuloendothelial Diseases 374
Hematopoietic Diseases 378
Chapter 15. Metabolic Disorders 398
Introduction 398
Vitamin C Deficiency 398
Rickets and Osteomalacia 408
Hypophosphatasia 419
Starvation 420
Fluorosis 421
Osteopenia 425
Localized Hyperostosis 430
Generalized Hyperostosis with Pachydermia 432
Chapter 16. Endocrine Disturbances 434
Introduction 434
Pituitary Disturbances 434
Other Endocrine Disturbances 441
Chapter 17. Miscellaneous Bone Diseases 450
Introduction 450
Paget's Disease 450
Fibrous Dysplasia 458
Neurofibromatosis 464
Myositis Ossificans Progressiva 465
Chapter 18. Congenital and Neuromechanial Abnormalities of the Skeleton 468
Introduction 468
Skull 468
Spine 478
Ribs and Sternum 486
Pelvis 486
Extremities 489
Chapter 19. Skeletal Dysplasias and Related Diseases 496
Introduction 496
Defects in Endochondral Bone Formation Achondroplasia 497
Mucopolysaccharidosis 504
Defects in Intramembranous Bone Formation Osteogenesis Irnperfecta 507
Cleidocranial Dysostosis 510
Osteopetrosis 511
Pyknodysostosis 513
Metaphyseal Dysplasia (Pyle's Disease) 513
Diaphyseal Sclerosis (Camurati-Engelmann's Disease) 514
Melorheostosis (Leri's Disease) 514
Osteopoikilosis 515
Osteopathia Striata 516
Chapter 20. Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions of Bone 518
Introduction 518
Primary Benign Tumors 519
Primary Malignant Bone Tumors 539
Metastatic Tumors 547
Chapter 21. Osteoarthritis and Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis 560
Introduction 560
Osteoarthritis 561
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (Dish) 573
Chapter 22. Erosive Arthropat hies, En thesopat hies, and Miscellaneous Pathological Conditions of Joints 576
Introduction 576
Rheumatoid Arthritis 576
Spondyloarthropathy 585
Other Erosive Arthropathies 598
Chapter 23. Dental Disease and Miscellaneous Pathological Conditions of Jaws 604
Introduction 604
Dental Disease 605
Miscellaneous Pathological Conditions of Jaws 621
Literature Cited 624
Index 654
Color Plate Section 662