International Review of Cytology (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Contributors 10
Chapter 1: Molecular Mechanism of Liver Development and Regeneration 11
I. Introduction 11
II. Specification of the Liver 13
A. Signals for Liver Specification 13
B. Segregation of the Liver and Pancreas 14
III. Growth of the Fetal Liver 15
A. Formation of the Liver Bud from the Liver Diverticulum 15
B. Growth and Apoptosis of Hepatoblasts 17
IV. Hepatocyte Differentiation 22
A. Functional Differentiation 22
B. Formation of Intercellular Junctions 25
V. Cholangiocyte Differentiation 27
A. Induction of Cholangiocytes 28
B. Formation of Bile Ducts 29
C. Abnormal Bile Duct Development in Mutant Animals 32
VI. Liver Regeneration 33
A. Proliferation of Hepatocytes 33
B. Remodeling of Extracellular Matrix 34
VII. Liver Stem and Progenitor Cells 35
A. Progenitors in the Liver 36
B. Hepatic Differentiation of Embryonic and Somatic Stem Cells 39
VIII. Concluding Remarks 41
Acknowledgment 43
References 43
Chapter 2: Molecular Basis of Vertebrate Endoderm Development 59
I. Introduction 59
II. Vertebrate Endoderm Development 61
A. Molecular Pathway Controlling Endoderm Formation 61
B. Endoderm Development in Xenopus 65
C. Zebrafish Endoderm Development 83
D. Endoderm Development in Mice 93
III. Conserved Molecular Mechanisms 102
A. Similarities and Differences Between Species 102
B. Gene Regulatory Networks 103
C. Separating Endoderm from Mesoderm 104
IV. Translational Embryology: Making Endoderm from Stem Cells 105
V. Summary and Future Prospects 107
Acknowledgments 108
References 109
Chapter 3: YidC as an Essential and Multifunctional Component in Membrane Protein Assembly 123
I. Introduction 123
II. YidC Membrane Insertase 124
A. Topology of the Protein and Its Domains 124
B. Homologues of YidC 125
C. Biosynthesis of YidC 130
III. Functions of YidC 131
A. Substrates of the YidC-Only Pathway 131
B. Functional Regions of YidC 132
C. YidC in Action 133
D. Folding of Membrane Proteins and Assembly of Complexes by YidC 138
IV. Eukaryotic YidC Homologues 139
A. Mitochondrial Oxa Proteins 140
B. Chloroplast Homologues 141
C. Functional Substitution of YidC by Its Eukaryotic Counterparts 143
V. Conclusions 144
References 144
Chapter 4: Mitotic Spindle Dynamics in Drosophila 149
I. Introduction 149
II. Mitosis in Drosophila 150
A. Outline of Mitosis 150
B. Mitotic Cells in Drosophila 150
III. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Mitosis 153
A. Microtubule Dynamics 153
B. Mitotic Motor Action 158
IV. Mitotic Spindle Assembly and Function in Drosophila 164
A. Spindle Mechanics and Dynamics 164
B. Spindle Assembly Checkpoint 170
C. Mathematical Models 173
D. Genome-Wide Screens of Mitotic Components 174
V. Concluding Remarks 176
Acknowledgments 177
References 177
Chapter 5: Neurogenesis in the Fish Retina 183
I. Introduction: The Fish Retina as a Model System for Retinal Neurogenesis 183
II. Neurogenesis in the Embryonic Fish Retina 187
A. Spatiotemporal Patterns 187
B. Intrinsic Factors 191
C. Extrinsic Factors 198
D. Early Signaling Events Required for Later Neurogenesis 205
III. Persistent Retinal Neurogenesis in the Fish Retina 208
A. The Circumferential Germinal Zone 209
B. The Rod Photoreceptor Lineage 212
C. Life History-Related Retinal Plasticity 214
IV. Injury-Induced Neurogenesis in the Fish Retina 215
A. Injury Models and Spatiotemporal Patterns of Regeneration 217
B. Stem Cells and Developmental Genetics of Regeneration 220
C. Functional Recovery 223
V. Conclusions 224
Acknowledgments 225
References 225
Index 235