Coping with Chronic Illness and Disability (eBook)

Erin Martz, Ph.D., CRC, is an assistant professor and coordinator of the Rehabilitation Counseling program at the University of Memphis. She has been a U.S. Department of State Fulbright Fellow (Russia) and a Switzer Merit Fellow (National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research). Her research interests include psychosocial adaptation to and coping with chronic illness and disability, posttraumatic stress reactions following disability, disability-related employment issues, attitudes toward disability, and international rehabilitation. Hanoch Livneh, Ph.D., CRC, is a professor and coordinator of the Rehabilitation Counseling program at Portland State University. He is an APA Fellow in the division of Rehabilitation Psychology. His research interests include coping with and adaptation to chronic illness and disability, attitudes toward people with disability, and the measurement of outcomes in rehabilitation.

Contents 6
Foreword 9
References 12
Preface 13
Stress Related to Chronic Illness and Disability 13
The Battle with Oneself 14
The Battle with Environmental Influences 15
Coping with CID 15
Contents of the Book 16
A Note about CID and Employment 16
References 16
Acknowledgments 17
About the Contributors 18
An Introduction to Coping Theory and Research 24
Definitions 26
Chronic Illness 26
Disability 27
Stress 28
The Nature of Coping Definitions 29
Coping: A Historical Overview 31
The Functions of Coping 34
The Structure of Coping 35
Coping Resources 37
Adaptive vs. Non-Adaptive Coping 37
The Temporality Aspects of Coping 38
The Measurement of Coping 39
Coping: Tentative Conclusions 41
Summary 41
References 42
Psychodynamic and Cognitive Theories of Coping 49
Haan’s Model of Coping, Defense, and Fragmentation The Ego Processes: Coping, Defense, and Fragmentation 49
The Haan vs. Freudian Model of Ego Functioning 50
The Tripartite Model 51
Evaluation of Haan’s Model 56
Lazarus and Folkman’s Theory of Coping 57
Coping, Emotion, and Appraisal 57
Coping Styles 58
Transaction and Variability 59
The Person-Environment Fit 60
Toward a Better Understanding of Cognition in Coping 61
Evaluation’s of Lazarus and Folkman’s Model 64
Conclusions 64
References 65
Hierarchical Coping: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Coping Within the Context of Chronic Illness and Disability 69
Theoretical and Historical Background Macroanalytic Orientation 70
Microanalytic Orientation 75
Empirical Findings Macroanalytic Models 77
Microanalytic Models 80
Coping within the Context of Chronic Illness and Disability 83
Conclusion 85
References 86
The Social Context of Coping 92
Social Coping with Chronic Illness and Disability 93
Theoretical and Historical Background of the Social Context of Coping 95
General Social Models of Coping 96
Coping with CID in the Context of Work and Family 100
Employment Context of Coping with CID 100
Coping with CID in the Family Context 101
Conclusion 104
References 105
Reauthoring the Self: Chronic Sorrow and Posttraumatic Stress Following the Onset of CID 108
The Self-Narrative and its Disruption 109
Chronic Sorrow 111
Adaptation to CID as a Trauma Response 114
Suicide and Associated Problems 117
Case Illustration 118
Conclusion 122
References 122
Adaptive Tasks and Methods of Coping with Illness and Disability 126
Historical and Theoretical Background 126
Crisis Theory 126
A Biopsychosocial Perspective 127
Coping Resources and Processes 127
An Integrative Conceptual Framework 128
Personal Resources 128
Health-Related Factors 129
Social and Physical Context 130
Cognitive Appraisal and Adaptive Tasks Cognitive Appraisal 130
Adaptive Tasks 131
Coping Skills 133
Eight Categories of Coping Skills 134
Health-Related Outcomes 136
Approach vs. Avoidance 136
Coping as a Mediator 136
Task-Coping Match 137
Crisis Growth 139
Future Directions 139
Mental-Health Disorders and Coping with Medical Problems 139
The Context of Health-Care 140
Mutual Help Groups and Communal Coping 141
Conclusion 141
References 142
Coping with AIDS: The Challenges of an Evolving Disease 147
Introduction 147
Incidence and Prevalence of HIV/AIDS 148
Testing 149
Treatment 149
Coping with HIV Depression, Distress, and Coping with HIV 151
The Challenges of Conducting Research on Coping 152
Types of Coping in Individuals with HIV 153
Coping and Stress 154
Coping and Social Support 155
Physical and Psychosocial/Behavioral Interventions to Increase Coping Treating Depression 156
Interventions to Improve Coping in Individuals with HIV 156
Vocational and Social Implications 159
Conclusions 161
References 162
Coping with Arthritis: From Vulnerability to Resilience 170
Major Types of Arthritis 171
Biopsychosocial Approach to Arthritis 172
Research on Coping with Arthritis 173
Coping Measures 173
Predictors of Coping 174
Coping Styles and Outcomes 174
Coping Strategies and Outcomes 175
Research on Interventions for Coping 177
Implications of Coping and Interventions 180
Limitations and Future Directions 181
Summary and Conclusion 183
References 183
Coping with Burn Injury: Research Summary and a New Model of the Influence of Coping on Psychological Complications 189
Physical Complications Associated with Burn Injury 189
Psychological Aspects Associated with Burn Injury 191
Coping with Burns: Predicting and Controlling Psychological Distress Risk Factors and Moderators of Outcomes 192
Etiology and Maintenance of Psychological Distress 195
Psychological Interventions 196
A New Coping and Motivation Model of Distress Etiology 197
Motivation and Coping Model: Empirical Support 199
Summary 200
References 201
Coping with Cancer: Findings of Research and Intervention Studies 207
Medical Treatments for Cancer 207
Coping with Cancer 208
Associations between Coping and Psychological Outcomes across the Cancer Continuum 209
Psychological Interventions to Improve Coping with Cancer 216
Breast Cancer: Treatment Phase 216
Early Stage Breast Cancer: Survivorship 217
Gynecologic Cancer 218
Melanoma 218
Prostate Cancer 219
Mixed Tumor Sites 219
Empirical Issues and Challenges for the Field 221
Implications of Research 223
Summary 225
References 225
Coping with Diabetes: Psychological Determinants of Diabetes Outcomes 230
Introduction 230
Medical Aspects of Diabetes The Epidemiology and Burden of Diabetes 230
Diabetes Etiology and Prevention 231
Long-Term Complications of Diabetes 232
Treatment of Diabetes and Prevention of its Complications 233
Diabetes Self-Management 233
Short-Term Complications 234
Stress and Coping in Diabetes Sources of Diabetes- Related Stress 235
Stress and Glycemic Control 236
Coping with Diabetes Measurement Challenges 238
Additional Psychological Determinants of Diabetes Outcomes: Personality, Illness Appraisals, and Psychiatric Disorders 240
Interventions 244
Stress & Coping Interventions
Self-Efficacy Interventions 245
Interventions for Psychiatric Disorders 246
Summary and Implications 247
References 248
Coping with Epilepsy: Research and Interventions 255
Overview: Incidence, Prevalence, and Etiology 256
Incidence and Prevalence of Epilepsy 256
Etiology 257
Seizure Classification and Treatment Classification of Seizures and Syndromes 258
Treatment of Epilepsy 259
The Psychosocial Impact of Epilepsy 260
Epilepsy, Depression, and Anxiety 261
Epilepsy and Quality of Life 262
Coping with Epilepsy: Overview and Research 265
Interventions that Promote Effective Coping 266
Psychotherapeutic Approaches 267
Psychoeducational Programs and Interventions 269
Assistive and Rehabilitation Technology and Environmental Interventions that Promote Coping 272
Seizure-Response Dogs 273
Conclusion 274
References 274
Coping and Heart Disease: Implications for Prevention and Treatment 281
What Is Cardiovascular Disease? 281
The Incidence, Prevalence, and Impact of Cardiovascular Disease 282
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease 282
Treatments for Cardiovascular Disease 284
Coping with Heart Disease 285
Coping Strategies Used by Individuals with Cardiovascular Disease 285
Coping and the Development of CHD 286
Coping and Psychosocial Outcomes 287
Coping and Health-Related Outcomes 287
Gender and Cultural Differences in Coping 288
Interventions to Promote Coping Behavior 289
Cardiac Rehabilitation 289
Large-Scale Intervention Studies 291
Summary of Intervention Studies 293
Vocational and Social Implications of Treating Heart Disease 294
Conclusion 296
References 296
Coping with Multiple Sclerosis: Considerations and Interventions 302
Description 302
Etiology 302
Characteristics and Symptoms 303
Neuropsychological Features 303
Cognitive Dysfunction 303
Affective Disorders 304
Disease Course 304
Diagnosis 305
Medical Management 305
Treating the Underlying Disease 305
Symptomatic and Supportive Therapies 306
Coping with Multiple Sclerosis Psychosocial Impact 306
Coping Research about Multiple Sclerosis 307
Physical and Psychosocial/Behavioral Interventions 310
Physical Barrier Removal 311
Psychosocial/Behavioral Interventions 311
Vocational Implications for Individuals with MS 314
Vocational Implications for Professionals 315
Conclusion 317
References 317
Coping with Chronic Pain: A Stress- Appraisal Coping Model 325
What Is Chronic Pain? Defining Chronic Pain 326
Theories of Pain 327
Pain “Memories” and Their Contribution to Chronic Pain 327
Biomedical Approaches to Treating Chronic Pain 329
Coping with Chronic Pain Pain and Disability 330
Pain as a Stressor 330
Primary Appraisals 331
Secondary Appraisals 332
Coping 333
Interventions to Promote Coping with Pain From a Curative Approach for Pain to a Pain Self- Management Approach 334
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy to Promote Pain Self- Management 335
What are the Important Components of CBT? 336
Cognitive Components of CBT 336
Cognitive Coping Strategies 337
Enhancing Behavioral Coping Strategies 338
Implications and Future Directions 340
Summary 342
References 342
Coping with Severe Mental Illness: A Multifaceted Approach 348
Overview of Severe Mental Illness Coping within the Context of Severe Mental Illness 348
Definitions of Severe Mental Illness 349
Coping with a Label or Diagnosis 349
A Multifaceted Approach to Coping with Severe Mental Illness 350
Ways of Coping with the Problems and Challenges of SMI 351
Coping with the Problems and Challenges of SMI 355
The Context of Coping with the Problems and Challenges of SMI 356
Social Support Interventions 357
Implications of the Multifaceted Model of Coping with SMI for Research, Assessment, Intervention, and Recovery Researching the Substance and Structure of Coping with SMI 358
Developing and Assessing Coping-Focused Interventions for SMI 359
Coping Interventions and Evidence-Based Practices 360
Coping and Recovery 362
Illustrating the Model Using Schizophrenia as a Prototypical Severe Mental Illness 363
Coping with SMI: Summary and Conclusions 366
References 366
Coping with Spinal Cord Injuries: Wholeness Is a State of Mind 373
Etiology 373
Incidence and Prevalence 374
Medical Regimen Acute Phase 375
Post-Acute Phase 375
Mental Health Issues 376
Coping with a Spinal Cord Injury 377
The Structure of Coping with SCI 377
Descriptive/Longitudinal Studies on SCI 378
Predictive Studies of Coping with SCI 380
Coping Strategies Used by Individuals with SCI Engagement Strategies in Response to SCI 381
Disengagement Strategies in Response to SCI 383
Coping with Secondary Complications 385
Summary on Coping Strategies 387
Physical and Psychosocial/Behavioral Interventions to Promote Coping. Environmental Interventions 387
Psychosocial Interventions 388
Vocational and Social Implications 391
Conclusion 392
References 393
Coping with Traumatic Brain Injury: Existential Challenges and Managing Hope 398
Introduction 398
TBI Prevalence, Etiology, and Demographics 398
TBI Presentation and Course 399
Coping and Traumatic Brain Injury 400
TBI as an Existential Crisis 402
Challenges of Coping with TBI 402
TBI and Psychosocial Outcome: The Scope of the Problem 403
Emotional/Psychological Disruption and TBI 405
Coping Strategies and TBI 407
TBI and Self-Awareness 410
Vocational Reintegration after TBI 411
Promoting Coping after TBI 412
Family and Social Support 413
Discussion and Summary 414
References 416
Appendix of Commonly 419
Used Coping Instruments 419
References 425
Index 426