Movement Disorders in Clinical Practice (eBook)

K Ray Chaudhuri is Consultant Neurologist and Professor of Neurology and Movement Disorders at King’s College Hospital NHS foundation Trust, University Hospital Lewisham, King’s College London and the Institute of Psychiatry. William G Ondo is Professor of Neurology at Baylor College of Medicine, and Associate Director at the Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic in Houston, Texas.

Movement Disorders in Clinical Practice 2
Contents 4
Author biographies 6
Preface 8
Chapter 1 9
Parkinson’s disease 9
Introduction 9
Epidemiology, incidence, and prevalence 9
Risk factors 10
Genetic factors 10
Pathophysiology 12
Symptoms and signs 14
The motor disorder 14
Useful clinical assessments 16
The nonmotor symptom complex 16
Confirmation of diagnosis 17
Management of Parkinson’s disease 19
The PDLIFE study 21
Levodopa 21
COMT inhibitors 22
Monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors 24
Dopamine receptor agonists 24
Apomorphine 26
Anticholinergics 27
Amantadine 27
Neuroprotection 27
Stereotactic thalamotomy and deep brain stimulation 28
Transplant therapies 30
Glial-cell-line-derived neurotropic factor 31
Retinal cell transplantation 31
Nondopaminergic drug therapy 33
Specialist nursing care 33
Physiotherapy 33
Occupational therapy 33
Speech and language therapy 33
Palliative care 34
Cost of care 34
Mortality and prognosis 34
Conclusions 36
References 37
Chapter 2 40
Parkinsonian syndromes 40
Introduction 40
Neurodegeneration-linked parkinsonism 40
Multiple system atrophy 42
Progressive supranuclear palsy 44
Dementia with Lewy bodies 46
Corticobasal degeneration 48
Vascular pseudoparkinsonism 48
Other parkinsonian syndromes 50
Postencephalitic parkinsonism 50
Dopa-responsive dystonia 51
Wilson’s disease 51
Juvenile Huntington’s disease 52
Management 52
Conclusions 54
References 54
Chapter 3 55
Dystonia 55
Definition 55
Classification 55
Location 55
Cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) 56
Blepharospasm 57
Writer’s cramp 57
Spasmodic dysphonia 58
Hemifacial spasm 58
Pathophysiology 58
Primary dystonia 59
Secondary dystonia 59
Heredodegenerative dystonia 59
Dystonia-plus syndromes 61
Drug-induced dystonia 62
Epidemiology 62
Genetics 62
DYT1 63
GCH1 63
Lubag 64
Signs and symptoms 64
History and investigations 64
Psychogenic dystonia 66
Treatments 66
Medication 66
Anticholinergic agents 67
Benzodiazepines 68
Baclofen 68
Intrathecal baclofen pump 68
Dopaminergic agents (eg, levodopa, bromocriptine, amantadine) 68
Dopamine antagonists 69
Botulinum toxin injection 69
Surgery 70
Other surgical options 70
Physical treatment 70
Conclusions 71
References 71
Chapter 4 73
Essential tremor 73
Introduction 73
Tremor subtypes and differential diagnosis 74
Physical examination and clinical evaluation 76
Epidemiology and neuropathology 76
Treatment 77
References 81
Chapter 5 82
Restless legs syndrome 82
Restless legs syndrome 82
Periodic limb movements of sleep 83
RLS in children 83
Diagnostic evaluation 85
Epidemiology 86
Genetics 86
Pathophysiology 87
Secondary RLS 88
Treatment 90
Dopamine antagonists 90
Opioids 91
Gabapentin 92
Other treatments 92
References 92
Chapter 6 94
Other movement disorders 94
Drug-induced movement disorders 94
Tardive dyskinesia 94
Acute dystonic reaction 97
Drug-induced parkinsonism 97
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome 99
Akathisia 99
Serotonin syndrome 99
Drug-induced action tremor 100
Tics and Tourette’s syndrome 100
Chorea, ballismus and athetosis 104
Chorea 104
Hemiballismus 106
Athetosis 107
Myoclonus 107
Ataxia 107
Conclusions 111
References 111
Index 112