Role of Apoptosis in Infection (eBook)

Diane E. Griffin, Professor, Department Chair, PhD and MD, Stanford University, 1968, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology 

Preface 5
List of Contents 7
List of Contributors 9
Mechanisms of Apoptosis During Reovirus Infection 10
1 Introduction 12
2 Reovirus-Induced Apoptosis Is Determined by the Type 3 Reovirus S1 and M2 Gene Segments 12
3 Reovirus-Induced Apoptosis Is Mediated by Death Receptor Signaling 14
4 Mitochondrial Signaling Contributes to Reovirus-Induced Apoptosis 16
5 Role of NF- kB in Reovirus- Induced Apoptosis 19
6 Reovirus-Induced Apoptosis Is Associated with Activation of JNK and the Transcription Factor c-Jun 21
7 Reovirus-Induced Alteration in Expression of Genes with Potential Roles in Virus- Induced Apoptosis and Pathogenesis 21
8 Reovirus Sensitizes Cells to TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis 23
9 Reovirus-Induced Apoptosis in the Mouse CNS 24
10 Reovirus-Induced Apoptosis in the Heart 26
11 Apoptosis and Viral Growth 26
12 Conclusions and Future Directions 30
References 30
Poliovirus, Pathogenesis of Poliomyelitis, and Apoptosis 34
1 Poliovirus 37
2 Pathogenesis of Poliomyelitis and Post-Polio Syndrome 44
3 Poliovirus and Apoptosis 47
4 Conclusion 52
References 53
Neuronal Cell Death in Alphavirus Encephalomyelitis 66
1 Introduction 67
2 Overview of Cell Death 69
3 Alphavirus Encephalomyelitis 75
4 Conclusion 80
References 81
HSV-Induced Apoptosis in Herpes Encephalitis 87
1 Introduction 88
2 Apoptotic Cascades 88
3 Apoptosis Is a Predominant Cell Death in Neurodegeneration 91
4 Caspase-Independent and Stress-Activated Neuronal Cell Death 93
5 Signaling Pathways Involved in Neuronal Survival 94
6 ERK and the Integration of Distinct Signals 95
7 HSV-1, but Not HSV-2, Triggers Apoptosis in CNS Neurons 96
8 Apoptosis Is a Component of HSV-1-Induced Encephalitis 99
9 The Role of Apoptosis in HSV Latency 101
10 HSV-2 Antiapoptotic Genes and Neuronal Survival 103
11 HSV Vectors for CNS Disease 107
12 Conclusions and Perspective 108
References 111
The Role of Apoptosis in Defense Against Baculovirus Infection in Insects 120
1 The Baculoviruses 121
2 Baculovirus Pathogenesis 124
3 Baculoviral Antiapoptotic Genes 125
4 Evidence for Apoptosis Being an Antiviral Defense 128
5 Conclusions 133
References 134
The Role of Host Cell Death in Salmonella Infections 137
1 Introduction 138
2 Overview of Cell Death Induced by Gram-Negative Pathogens 141
3 Induction of Epithelial Cell Death by Salmonella Infection 143
4 Cell Death in Macrophages and Dendritic Cells Mediated by SPI- 1 Effectors 145
5 Cell Death in Macrophages Dependent on the SPI-2 TTSS 147
6 Model for the Roles of Host Cell Death in Salmonella Pathogenesis 149
References 153
Role of Macrophage Apoptosis in the Pathogenesis of Yersinia 157
1 Overview of Yersinia Pathogenesis 158
2 Yersinia-Induced Apoptosis in Macrophages 163
3 Role of Apoptosis During Yersinia Infection 172
4 Conclusions and Perspectives 173
References 175
Entamoeba histolytica Activates Host Cell Caspases During Contact- Dependent Cell Killing 180
1 Introduction to Amoebiasis 180
2 Overview of Contact-Dependent Cytolysis of Host Cells 181
3 Evidence of Host Cell Apoptosis During Infection 183
4 Phagocytosis 185
5 Conclusions and Future Directions of Studies 186
References 187
Interactions Between Malaria and Mosquitoes: The Role of Apoptosis in Parasite Establishment and Vector Response to Infection 190
1 Introduction 191
2 Plasmodium Life Cycle 192
3 Interactions with the Vector 197
4 Fitness Costs Associated with Infection 198
5 Interactions Resulting from Gut Invasion 203
6 Parasite Apoptosis as a Life History Strategy 213
7 In Conclusion 214
References 214
Apoptosis and Its Modulation During Infection with Toxoplasma gondii: Molecular Mechanisms and Role in Pathogenesis 223
1 Introduction 224
2 Infection with T. gondii as a Trigger of Apoptosis 225
3 Inhibition of Host Cell Apoptosis by T. gondii 227
4 Roles of Apoptosis During Toxoplasmosis 234
5 Concluding Remarks 236
References 237
Modulation of the Immune Response in the Nervous System by Rabies Virus 242
1 Introduction 243
2 Mouse Models of Infection with RABV Strains 244
3 The Restricted Invasion of the Brain by Abortive RABV Is Controlled by T Cells 245
4 Apoptosis in the Abortive RABV(PV)-Infected CNS Is a T Cell- Mediated Event 247
5T Cells Are Triggered to Death in the Acute RABV(CVS)-Infected CNS 249
6 CD3+ T Cell Apoptosis Is a Fas/FasL-Mediated Mechanism 252
7 Severity of Acute RABV(CVS) Disease Is Decreased in Mice Lacking FasL ( gld Mice) 255
8 How Does Acute RABV Infection Increase Neuronal FasL Expression? 255
9 Conclusion 256
References 257
Apoptotic Cells at the Crossroads of Tolerance and Immunity 262
1 Introduction 263
2 Apoptotic Cells and Their Receptors 264
3 Inhibitory Effects of Apoptotic Cells 267
4 Cross-Presentation 271
5 Cross-Priming Versus Cross-Tolerance 275
6 Concluding Remarks 280
References 281
Subject Index 296