Pediatric Otolaryngology for the Clinician (eBook)

Foreword 5
Preface 6
Contents 7
Contributors 10
General 15
Antibiotic Therapy for Acute Otitis, Rhinosinusitis, and Pharyngotonsillitis 16
Treatment Considerations 16
Additional Considerations in Antibiotic Selection 17
Antibiotic Treatment for AOM and ABRS 17
Antibiotic Treatment for Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci (GABHS) Pharyngotonsillitis 22
Conclusions 24
References 25
Pediatric Hearing Assessment 27
Introduction 27
Symptoms of Hearing Loss 28
Risk Factors for Hearing Loss 28
Methods of Hearing Assessment in Pediatrics 28
Test Batteries 30
References 32
Speech, Voice, and Swallowing Assessment 33
Speech/Articulation 34
Speech Disorders 34
Voice and Resonance 35
Feeding and Swallowing 36
Feeding Problems 37
Swallowing Problems 38
References 39
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections of the Head and Neck in Children 41
Clinical Presentation 41
Treatment 43
Antibiotic Choice 43
Future Directions 44
References 45
Polysomnography in Children 47
Introduction to Polysomnography 47
Indications for Polysomnography in Children 47
Polysomnography 48
Scoring a Polysomnogram 50
Sleep-Disordered Breathing 53
Positive Airway Pressure Therapy 55
Other Types of Sleep Studies 56
Role of Polysomnography in Tracheostomy Tube Decannulation 58
References 58
Otology 60
External Otitis 61
Acute Otitis Externa 61
Furunculosis (Localized Otitis Externa) 63
Fungal Otitis Externa (Otomycosis) 63
Chronic Dermatitis 63
Malignant Otitis Externa 64
Conclusions 64
References 64
Diagnosis and Management of Otitis Media 65
Abstract 65
Definitions 65
Diagnosis 66
Audiometry 66
Epidemiology 66
Treatment 67
Management of Environmental Risk Factors 67
Acute Otitis Media 68
Otitis Media with Effusion 69
Surgical 69
References 69
Tympanostomy Tubes and Otorrhea 71
Introduction 71
Indications 71
Surgical Considerations 72
Postoperative Management 72
Complications 73
Conclusion 74
References 74
Chronic Disorders of the Middle Ear and Mastoid (Tympanic Membrane Perforations and Cholesteatoma) 76
Introduction 76
Definitions 76
Prevalence 78
Diagnosis 78
Complications of Chronic Ear Disease 79
Treatment 80
Outcome 81
Conclusion 81
References 82
Congenital Hearing Loss (Sensorineural and Conductive) 83
Introduction 83
Definitions 83
Prevalence 83
Diagnosis 83
Treatment 86
Outcome 87
References/Bibliography 87
Implantable Hearing Devices 88
Introduction 88
Preoperative Evaluation 89
Surgery 90
Bone-Anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA) 91
Implantable Middle Ear Devices 93
Auditory Brainstem Implant (ABI) 93
References 94
Rhinology 96
Pediatric Facial Fractures 97
Introduction 97
Etiology 98
Facial Growth 98
Sites of Injury 98
Management 99
Conclusion 100
References 101
Pediatric Epistaxis 102
Introduction 102
Anatomy 102
Pathophysiology 103
Diagnosis 104
Differential Diagnosis 105
Von Willebrand Disease 105
Hemophilia 105
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) 106
Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angio. broma (JNA) 106
Glanzmann’s Thrombasthenia 106
Work-Up 107
Treatment 107
Conclusion 108
References 108
Nasal Obstruction in the Neonate 110
Neonatal Nasal Development and Physiology 110
Signs and Symptoms of Nasal Airway Obstruction 111
Effects of Nasal Airway Obstruction 111
Diagnostic Workup 111
Differential Diagnosis 111
Congenital 111
Acquired 113
Management 114
Conclusions 116
References 116
The Pediatric Allergic Nose 117
Introduction 117
Pathophysiology 117
Diagnosis 118
AR Therapy 120
References 123
Acute and Chronic Rhinosinusitis 124
Acute and Chronic Rhinosinusitis 124
Definition and Classification 124
Pathophysiology 125
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis 126
Management 126
Conclusion 127
References 128
The Head and Neck 129
Congenital Head and Neck Masses 130
Introduction 130
Conclusion 135
References 135
Pediatric Stridor 137
Definition 137
Evaluation 137
Physical Examination 138
Radiologic Evaluation 138
Differential Diagnosis 139
Conclusions 146
References 146
Inflammatory Disorders of the Pediatric Airway 148
Introduction 148
Evaluation 149
Acute Inflammatory Disorders 150
Croup 150
Membranous Laryngotracheobronchitis 151
Epiglottitis 152
Chronic Inflammatory Disorders 153
Evaluation 153
Reflux-Associated Laryngitis 154
Eosinophilic Esophagitis 155
Conclusion 156
References 156
Tracheostomy in Children 157
Introduction 157
Definitions 157
Demographics 158
Indications 158
Surgical Procedure 159
Tubes 159
Complications 159
Additional Considerations 161
References 161
Cleft Lip and Palate 162
Introduction 162
Epidemiology 163
Anatomy 164
Embryology 165
Prenatal Diagnosis 165
Associated Syndromes 166
Feeding Issues 166
Otologic Issues 166
Speech Issues 167
Presurgical Maxillary Orthopedics 167
Surgical Intervention 168
Conclusion 169
References 169
Cough 170
Classification of Cough 170
Pathophysiology/Mechanism of Cough 170
Workup of Cough 171
References 175
Hoarseness in Children 177
Diagnosis 177
Classification 178
Additional Studies 178
Differential Diagnosis 178
Treatment 181
Outcomes 181
References 182
Adenotonsillar Disease 183
Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Tonsils 183
Infectious and Inflammatory Disease of the Adenoid 189
Conclusions 190
References 190
Sleep-Disordered Breathing (SDB) in Children 192
Definition 192
Prevalence 192
Diagnosis 192
High-Risk Groups 193
Treatment 194
Outcome 194
References 195
Pediatric Vascular Tumors 196
Introduction 196
Definitions 196
Vascular Tumors 197
Congenital Hemangiomas: NICH and RICH 200
Vascular Malformations 201
Summary 205
References 205
Emergencies in Pediatric Otolaryngology 207
Foreign Body Management 208
Foreign Body Removal 208
Forceps 209
Other Approaches 210
Special Considerations by Anatomical Site 211
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Hypopharynx 212
Considerations for Anesthesia 213
Conclusion 215
References 215
Deep Space Neck Infections in the Pediatric Population 216
Introduction 216
Anatomy of the Neck 216
Diagnosis 217
Treatment 219
Conclusion 221
References 222
Complications of Acute Otitis Media 223
Introduction 223
Extracranial Complications 223
Facial Nerve Paralysis 224
Labyrinthitis 225
Petrous Apicitis 225
Intracranial Complications 225
References 227
Complications of Sinusitis 229
Definition 229
Prevalence 230
Diagnosis 230
Diagnostic Tests 232
High-Risk Groups 233
Treatment 233
Outcome 234
References 234
Index 236