Cerebral Vasospasm (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Advances in vasospasm research 15
Vasospasm pathogenies 19
Pre-vasospasm: early brain injury 20
Apoptotic markers in vasospasm after an experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage 24
Cerebrospinal fluid soluble Fas and Fas ligand levels after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage 29
Time course of oxyhemoglobin induces apoptosis in mice brain cells in vivo 35
Inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway attenuates cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage through the suppression of apoptosis 39
Oxidative stress in subarachnoid haemorrhage: significance in acute brain injury and vasospasm 44
Bilirubin oxidation products (BOXes): synthesis, stability and chemical characteristics 53
Vascular contractility changes due to vasospasm induced by periarterial whole blood and thrombocyte rich plasma 61
Vasospasm biochemistry 63
Vasospasm biochemistry 64
The roles of cross-talk mechanisms in the signal transduction systems in the pathophysiology of the cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage – what we know and what we do not know 68
Subarachnoid hemorrhage induces upregulation of vascular receptors and reduction in rCBF via an ERK1=2 mechanism 73
Effect of deferoxamine-activated hypoxia inducible factor-1 on the brainstem following subarachnoid haemorrhage 76
Urgosedin downregulates mRNA expression of TNF-a in brain tissue of rats subjected to experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage 81
Nucleotide-induced cerebral vasospasm in an in vivo mouse model 84
Effects of ADPbetaS on purine receptor expression in mouse cerebral vasculature 86
Vasospasm electrophysiology 89
Electrophysiology of cerebral vasospasm 90
Cellular basis of vasospasm: role of small diameter arteries and voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels 97
Acute and chronic effects of oxyhemoglobin on voltage-dependent ion channels in cerebral arteries 101
The effect of an intracisternal nimodipine slow-release system on cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage in the rat 105
Cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage is completely prevented by L-type calcium channel antagonist in human 110
Vasospasm pharmacology 114
Vasospasm pharmacology 115
Endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor versus cerebrovasospasm 119
A pharmacokinetic study of clazosentan in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage 124
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of the interaction between clazosentan and nimodipine in healthy subjects 126
Attenuation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and cerebral vasospasm in rabbits subjected to experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage by CGS 26303 130
The effect of 17b-estradiol in the prevention of cerebral vasospasm and endothelin-1 production after subarachnoid haemorrhage 133
Dysfunction of nitric oxide synthases as a cause and therapeutic target in delayed cerebral vasospasm after SAH 137
An adenosine A1 receptor agonist preserves eNOS expression and attenuates cerebrovasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage 146
Vasospasm molecular biology 151
Gene transfer after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a tool and potential therapy 152
Direct protein transduction method to cerebral arteries by using 11R: new strategy for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage 155
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase-11R protein therapy for prevention of cerebral vasospasm in rats: a preliminary report 158
Microarray analysis of hemolysate-induced differential gene expression in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells (HVSMC) 161
Vasospasm remodeling 164
Role of vascular remodeling in cerebral vasospasm 165
Possible role of tenascin-C in cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage 169
Ecdysterone-sensitive smooth muscle cell proliferation stimulated by conditioned medium of endothelial cells cultured with bloody cerebrospinal fluid 173
The effect of oxyhemoglobin on the proliferation and migration of cultured vascular advential fibroblasts 178
The effect of oxyhemoglobin on the proliferation and migration of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells 186
Comparison of three measurement methods for basilar artery with neurological changes in rabbits subjected to experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage 192
Vasospasm diagnostic 197
Vasospasm diagnosis strategies 198
Continuous evaluation of regional oxygen saturation in cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage using INVOS, portable near infrared spectrography 201
Automated voxel-based analysis of brain perfusion SPECT for vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage 205
Angiographic scale for evaluation of cerebral vasospasm 210
CT evaluation of late cerebral infarction after operation for ruptured cerebral aneurysm 214
Elevated intracranial pressure or subarachnoid blood responsible for reduction in cerebral blood flow after SAH 216
Magnetic resonance imaging in the canine double-haemorrhage subarachnoid haemorrhage model 219
Perfusion/diffusion-weighted imaging protocol for the diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm and management of treatment after subarachnoid haemorrhage 224
Diffusion and perfusion MRI findings with clinical correlation in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage related vasospasm 228
Correlation of end-tidal CO2 with transcranial Doppler flow velocity is decreased during chemoregulation in delayed cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage – results of a pilot study 232
A diagnostic flowchart, including TCD, Xe-CT and angiography, to improve the diagnosis of vasospasm critically affecting cerebral blood flow in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage, sedated and ventilated 234
Basilar artery vasospasm: diagnosis and grading by transcranial Doppler 237
Predictive value of transcranial Doppler to detect clinical vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage 240
Vasospasm medical treatment 243
Intravenous magnesium sulfate after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis of published data 244
Hypomagnesemia after ruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysms: predictive factor and pathophysiological implication 246
The role of magnesium sulfate in the treatment of vasospasm in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage 248
Fasudil (a rho-kinase inhibitor) may specifically increase rCBF in spastic area 253
Multimodality therapy for cerebral vasospasm after SAH: importance of intensive care and intraarterial injection of fasudil hydrochloride 257
The effect of KMUVS-1 on experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage-induced cerebrovasospasm 260
Role of statins in cerebral vasospasm 264
Treatment of cerebral vasospasm with cilostazol in subarachnoid haemorrhage model 268
Ecdysterone attenuates vasospasm following experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage in rabbits 273
Vasospasm chemical surgery 279
Clot-clearance rate in the sylvian cistern is associated with severity of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage 280
Simultaneous head rotation and lumboventricular lavage in patients after severe subarachnoid haemorrhage: an initial analysis of the influence on clot clearance rate and cerebral vasospasm 283
Intrathecal urokinase infusion through a microcatheter into the cisterna magna to prevent cerebral vasospasm: experimental study in dogs 288
Microcatheter intrathecal urokinase infusion into cisterna magna for prevention of cerebral vasospasm 293
Prevention of symptomatic vasospasm – effect of continuous cisternal irrigation with urokinase and ascorbic acid 297
Cisternal washing therapy for the prevention of cerebral vasospasm following SAH: analysis of 308 consecutive cases with Fisher group 3 SAH 300
Surgical treatment 303
Questionable value of decompressive craniectomy after severe aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage 304
Low incidence of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a comparison between surgical repairs and endovascular coil occlusions 306
Microsurgical treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms 310
Coil embolization decrease the incidence of symptomatic vasospasm, except in patients with poor grade subarachnoid hemorrhage 312
Endovascular therapy of cerebral vasospasm: two year experience with angioplasty and/or intraarterial administration of nicardipine and verapamil 315
Utility of intra-arterial nimodipine for cerebral vasospasm 320
Intra-arterial nicardipine successfully relieved post-subarachnoid hemorrhage cerebral vasospasm during aneurysm embolization: a case report 323
Prognosis 326
Evaluating the factors affecting cerebral vasospasm in patients after aneurysmal subarachonoid haemorrhage 327
Is cerebral salt wasting after subarachnoid haemorrhage caused by bleeding? 330
Relationship between the development of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and the levels of dendroaspis natriuretic peptide in body fluids 334
An abrupt fall in blood pressure in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage 336
C-reactive protein might predict outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage 340
Factors affecting the incidence and severity of vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage 345
Basilar artery vasospasm: impact on outcome 349
Change of management results in good-grade aneurysm patients 352
Quantification of transient ischemic and metabolic events in patients after subarachnoid haemorrhage 355
Other vasospasm 358
Pediatric subarachnoid haemorrhage 359
Childhood intracranial aneurysms 364
Pediatric cerebral aneurysms: a report of 9 cases 368
Intracranial aneurysms during childhood and puberty 372
Vasospasm in traumatic brain injury 378
Traumatic vasospasm 383
Cerebral vasospasm in diffuse axonal injury patients 389
The effects of nimopidine on platelet aggregation in severe head injury 392
‘‘Street drugs’’ and subarachnoid haemorrhage 396
Author index 400
Index of keywords 403