Blood Pressure Monitoring in Cardiovascular Medicine and Therapeutics (eBook)

Foreword 6
Preface 9
Contents 13
Contributors 15
I OUT-OF-OFFICE BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING 17
Self-Monitoring of Blood Pressure 18
INTRODUCTION 19
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF SELF-MONITORING 19
CHOICE OF MONITORS FOR HOME USE 20
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS INFLUENCING HOME BLOOD PRESSURE LEVELS 24
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING HOME BLOOD PRESSURE LEVELS 25
COMPARISON OF HOME AND CLINIC PRESSURES 28
REPRODUCIBILITY OF HOME READINGS 30
HOME BLOOD PRESSURE IN NORMAL SUBJECTS 32
SELF-MONITORING FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF HYPERTENSION 35
HOME BLOOD PRESSURES, TARGET ORGAN DAMAGE, AND PROGNOSIS 39
HOME BLOOD PRESSURE AND TARGET ORGAN DAMAGE 39
HOME BLOOD PRESSURE AND PROGNOSIS 40
SELF-MONITORING FOR THE EVALUATION OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE TREATMENT 42
EFFECTS ON COMPLIANCE 45
COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF HOME MONITORING 46
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS 46
REFERENCES 47
Evaluation of Journals, Diaries, and Indexes of Work- Site and Environmental Stress 53
INTRODUCTION 53
DETERMINING THE CONDITIONS OF AMBULATORY MEASUREMENTS 54
AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE VARIATION AND PATHOLOGY DETERMINATION 56
DETERMINING AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE RESPONSES 57
DIARY FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE VARIATION 58
JOB STRAIN AND AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE 62
HOME STRESS AND AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE 65
ETHNICITY AND BLOOD PRESSURE VARIATION 66
WHAT DOES IT ALL MEAN? 67
REFERENCES 67
Electronic Activity Recording in Cardiovascular Disease 73
INTRODUCTION 73
EQUIPMENT, MODES OF OPERATION, AND LIMITATIONS 74
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, BLOOD PRESSURE, AND HEART RATE 76
ACTIGRAPHY, SLEEP, AND AWAKENING 80
ACTIGRAPHY IN ASSESSING SLEEP QUALITY AND OVERALL PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 82
VALIDATION OF AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORS 82
ACTIGRAPHY AND SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME 83
CONCLUSION 84
REFERENCES 84
Ambulatory Monitoring of Blood Pressure 87
INTRODUCTION 87
ABPM DEVICES: AUSCULTATORY AND OSCILLOMETRIC 89
VALIDATION OF ABP MONITORS 90
ANALYSIS OF ABPM DATA 92
REPRODUCIBILITY OF ABPM 97
INDICATIONS FOR ABPM 99
COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF ABPM 105
REFERENCES 106
II CIRCADIAN VARIATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 146
Circadian Rhythmic and Environmental Determinants of 24-Hour Blood Pressure Regulation in Normal and Hypertensive Conditions 147
INTRODUCTION 148
TEMPORAL CONTROL OF CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION AND BLOOD PRESSURE 148
HUMAN SLEEP AND CIRCADIAN BLOOD PRESSURE PROFILE 149
NEUROENDOCRINE INTEGRATION OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY 150
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND CIRCADIAN BLOOD PRESSURE PROFILE IN NORMAL CONDITIONS 152
NORMAL CIRCADIAN ORGANIZATION OF HUMORAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 153
CIRCADIAN BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGES IN DIFFERENT HYPERTENSIVE CONDITIONS 158
CONCLUSION 161
REFERENCES 161
Circadian Variation of Blood Pressure in the Population at Large 171
INTRODUCTION 171
OVERVIEW OF METHODS USED TO DESCRIBE THE DIURNAL BP PROFILE 172
DESCRIPTION OF THE DIURNAL BP PROFILE AND ITS DETERMINANTS 175
INFLUENCE OF WORKING (TIME) ON THE DIURNAL VARIATION OF BP 191
REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE DIURNAL BP PATTERN 193
REFERENCES 195
Importance of Heart Rate in Determining Cardiovascular Risk 198
INTRODUCTION 198
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE 199
PATHOGENETIC CONSIDERATIONS 201
LOOKING FOR A THRESHOLD VALUE 205
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS 205
REFERENCES 208
Prognostic Value of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring 234
INTRODUCTION 234
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE AND TARGET ORGAN DAMAGE 235
AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE PROVIDES BETTER PREDICTION OF CLINICAL OUTCOME THAN OFFICE BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 236
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS OF AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING 239
INDICATIONS FOR AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING 252
PERSPECTIVES 253
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 254
REFERENCES 255
Day/Night Pattern of Myocardial Infarction and Sudden Cardiac Death 262
INTRODUCTION: INTERACTING ROLES OF THE ENDOGENOUS CIRCADIAN SYSTEM AND BEHAVIORAL TRIGGERS ON ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS 263
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF DAY/NIGHT PATTERNS IN ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS 264
WEEKLY AND SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH 270
BEHAVIORAL TRIGGERS OF ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS 271
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES UNDERLYING ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS 275
DAY/NIGHT PATTERNS IN RELEVANT CARDIOVASCULAR VARIABLES 278
EFFECT OF INTERACTION BETWEEN POTENTIAL BEHAVIORAL TRIGGERS AND ENDOGENOUS CIRCADIAN PHASE ON ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS 284
SUMMARY AND CHRONOBIOLOGICAL THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS 288
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 291
REFERENCES 291
Seasonal, Weekly, and Circadian Variability of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke 301
INTRODUCTION 301
SEASONAL VARIABILITY 302
CIRCASEPTAN VARIABILITY 309
CIRCADIAN VARIABILITY 309
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS 311
REFERENCES 312
III AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS 317
Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Older Patients 318
INTRODUCTION 318
OFFICE BLOOD PRESSURE 320
HOME BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING 322
AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE 323
CONCLUSIONS 339
REFERENCES 340
Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents 346
INTRODUCTION 346
CASUAL BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 349
AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING IN CHILDREN 350
METHODOLOGY OF AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING IN CHILDREN 350
RELIABILITY OF AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING 356
NORMATIVE DATA 357
INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING 361
END-ORGAN DAMAGE 363
INDICATIONS FOR AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING IN CHILDREN 365
SUMMARY 370
REFERENCES 370
Ambulatory Blood Pressure During Pregnancy 375
INTRODUCTION 375
CLASSIFICATION OF HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS IN PREGNANCY 376
NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY 379
CONVENTIONAL BLOOD PRESSURE ASSESSMENT 380
AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING IN PREGNANCY 380
AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING AS A PREDICTOR OF PERINATAL OUTCOME 384
AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING IN PREGNANT PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HYPERTENSION 387
AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES 389
HOME (SELF-) BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING IN PREGNANCY 390
CONCLUSION 391
REFERENCES 392
Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease 394
INTRODUCTION 394
ABPM AS A TOOL TO IDENTIFY INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPMENT OF KIDNEY DISEASE 395
ABPM IN ESTABLISHED CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE ( STAGES 1 – 4, PREDIALYSIS) 397
ABPM IN HEMODIALYSIS AND PERITONEAL DIALYSIS ( CKD STAGE 5) 400
ABPM AFTER KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION ( CKD STAGE 5) 406
MECHANISTIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE BLUNTED DIURNAL RHYTHM IN RENAL DISEASE 408
CONCLUSIONS 410
REFERENCES 410
IV AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING AND THERAPY 416
Chronobiology and Chronopharmacology of Hypertension 417
INTRODUCTION 417
CHRONOBIOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 419
CLINICAL CHRONOPHARMACOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION 422
CONCLUSION 431
REFERENCES 433
Advances in Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring for the Evaluation of Antihypertensive Therapy 440
INTRODUCTION 441
IMPACT OF BLOOD PRESSURE VARIABILITY ON THE REPRODUCIBILITY OF OFFICE VS AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE AS IT RELATES TO DRUG DEVELOPMENT 441
AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE FOR EVALUATING PATIENTS FOR CLINICAL TRIAL ENTRY 443
MULTICENTER TRIALS TO EVALUATE ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY 445
IMPORTANCE OF THE PLACEBO EFFECT IN CLINIC VS AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE 448
ANALYSIS OF AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE DATA IN ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUG TRIALS 451
SITUATIONS IN WHICH AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING HAS BEEN USEFUL IN ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUG TRIALS 453
USE OF AMBULATORY MONITORING TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF DOSING TIME 458
AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING IN COMMUNITY- BASED TRIALS 459
CONCLUSIONS 459
REFERENCES 461
Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Clinical Practice 465
INTRODUCTION 465
EQUIPMENT 466
STAFFING REQUIREMENTS AND TRAINING 467
ABP MONITOR INITIALIZATION 468
PATIENT INSTRUCTIONS 470
ARM SELECTION 471
INTERPRETING THE ABP MONITORING REPORT 471
CONCLUSION 483
REFERENCES 484
Index 486