Laboratory Hematology Practice

Dr Kandice Kottke-Marchant, MD PhD, Section Head, Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Clinical Pathology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA and President, International Society of Laboratory Hematology. She is also a Professor of Pathology at the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine and an Adjunct Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Case Western Reserve University. She has published over 100 peer-reviewed publications in the field of haemostasis, is an international expert on platelet testing and aspirin resistance, and has served on review panels from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), College of American Pathologists (CAP), ISO/TC212 and North American Specialized Coagulation Laboratory Association (NASCOLA). She has been a driving force to increase the international visibility and impact of the ISLH. She has been responsible for running the ISLH annual Symposia since 2002. Due to her involvement in haemostasis and the ISLH, Dr. Kottke-Marchant will be uniquely positioned to serve as one of the co-Editors of the Textbook of Laboratory Hematology. Elkin Simson, MD, PCAP, FACSP is the Medical Director of the Center for Clinical Laboratories and Hematology Laboratory at the Mount Sinai Hospital. He is also Associate Professor and Vice Chairman of the Department of Pathology at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Dr. Simson was formerly the Vice-President for Medical and Scientific Affairs at Technicon Instruments Corporation, where he participated in the development of the first automated haematology analyzers to combine the CBC and WBC differential into a single instrument. Dr Simson is the Past President of the ISLH and is Vice-President of the International Council for Standardization in Hematology (ICSH). He has been Chairman of the Hematology Area Committee of NCCLS (now CLSI), a member of Council of the National Reference System for the Clinical Laboratory (NRSCL) and the Hematology and Quality Improvement Subcommittees of the NCCCLS. He was a member of the Hematology and Pathology Advisory Panel of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Due to his long-time involvement in haematology automation and standards organizations, Dr. Simson is an idea co-editor. The proposed section editors are chosen from international experts in their respective fields; most have also been long-time ISLH members who have been faculty at one or more ISLH Symposia and who have been repeatedly recognized as outstanding speakers and contributors by the participants. Dr Bruce Davis is one of the co-founders of the ISLH and has a long history of involvement in developing automated cellular and flow cytometric technologies. Professor Alberto Orfao from Spain is one of the world’s foremost experts on flow cytometry. Professor Samuel Machin is currently President of the British Society of Haematology and is an international authority on haemostasis testing. Stefanie McFadden is a medical technologist who is sought after as a consultant for laboratory management and informatics issues.

Contributors, viii Preface, xiii

Abbreviations, xv

I Cellular Analysis, 1

1 Historical Perspective on Cellular Analysis, 3
Elkin Simson

2 Cellular Morphologic Analysis of Peripheral Blood, 10
Powers Peterson, Sheila McNeill, and Gene Gulati

3 Automated Cell Analysis: Principles, 26
Bruce H. Davis and Patrick W. Barnes

4 Differential Leukocyte Analysis, 33
Marie-Christine Béné and Francis Lacombe

5 Automated Platelet Analysis, 48
Carol Briggs and Samuel J. Machin

6 Method Standardization in Cellular Analysis, 59
Ian Giles & Richard Kendall

7 Spurious counts and spurious results on hematology analyzers: platelets, 66
Marc Zandecki, Franck Genevieve, Jérémie Gérard, and Alban Godon

8 Spurious Counts and Spurious Results on Hematology Analyzers: White Blood Cells, Red Blood Cells, Hemoglobin, Red Cell Indices, and Reticulocytes, 79
Marc Zandecki, Franck Genevieve, Jérémie Gérard, and Alban Godon

9 Evaluation of Hematology Analyzers, 96
Carol Briggs

II Flow Cytometry in Hematologic Diagnosis, 103

10 Flow Cytometric Specimen Collection, Processing, and Reporting, 105
Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, Bruce Greig, Constance Yuan

11 Validation and Quality Control in Clinical Flow Cytometry, 115
Norman B. Purvis and Teri Oldaker

12 A New Paradigm for Cytometric Analysis, 131
C. Bruce Bagwell

III Molecular Diagnostics, 143

13 Sample Collection, Processing, and Storage for Molecular Genetic Testing, 145
Bobby L. Boyanton Jr. and Domnita Crisan

14 Development of Amplification-Based Molecular Genetic Testing in Hematology, 155
Raymond R. Tubbs

15 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Molecular Diagnostics, 168
Gurunathan Murugesan, Seongsoo Jang, and Jin-Yeong Han

16 Molecular Cytogenetic (FISH) Analysis of Hematolymphoid Disorders, 181
Mark A. Micale and Anwar N. Mohamed

17 Immunoglobulin and T-Cell Receptor Gene Rearrangement Analysis for Diagnosis of Hematologic Malignancies, 199
Jacques J. M. van Dongen, Anton W. Langerak, and Tomasz Szczepan ski

18 Minimal Residual Disease Detection in Acute Myeloid Leukemia by RQ-PCR and Multiparameter Flow Cytometry, 220
Wolfgang Kern and Susanne Schnittger

19 Engraftment Analysis using Short Tandem Repeats following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, 234
Ilka Warshawsky and Hyun-Sook Chi

20 Molecular Profiling Methods in the Diagnosis of Hematologic Disorders, 244
Annette S. Kim, Stephen R. Master, and Cherie H. Dunphy

21 The Role of Classical Cytogenetics in Hematologic Diagnosis, 267
Kathleen Richkind

IV Bone Marrow Analysis, 279

22 Bone Marrow Processing and Normal Morphology, 281
Karl S. Theil

23 Cytochemical, Immunocytochemical, Histochemical, and Immunohistochemical Staining of Bone Marrow and Peripheral Blood, 300
Alexandra Rice and Barbara J. Bain

24 The Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, 315
Sindhu Cherian and Brent L. Wood

25 Myelodysplastic Disorders, 331
Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, Joseph A. DiGiuseppe, and Diane C. Arthur

26 Acute Leukemias, 345
Joseph A. DiGiuseppe and Laila Mnayer

27 Lymphoproliferative Disorders, 364
Robert W. Allan, Samer Z. Al-Quran, Ying Li, and Raul C. Braylan

28 Plasma Cell Disorders, 381
Bill G. Richendollar and James R. Cook

29 Diagnosis of Adult Mastocytosis: Role for Bone Marrow Analysis, 388
Luis Escribano, Andrés Garcia-Montero, Laura Sanchez-Muñoz, Cristina Teodosio, Ivan Alvarez-Twose, Maria Jara-Acevedo, José Mario Morgado, Julia Almeida, Alberto Orfao for the Spanish Network on Mastocytosis (REMA)

30 Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) Analysis, 399
Stephen J. Richards

V Hemostasis and Thrombosis, 407

31 Sample Collection and Processing in Hemostasis, 409
Dorothy M. Adcock

32 Performance and Interpretation of Routine Coagulation Assays, 420
Kandice Kottke-Marchant

33 Clotting Factors and Inhibitors: Assays and Interpretation, 435
Piet Meijer, H. W. Verbruggen, and Michael Spannagl

34 Diagnosis of von Willebrand Disease, 447
Emmanuel J. Favaloro and Jerry Koutts

35 Diagnosis of Fibrinolytic Disorders, 460
Wayne Chandler

36 Laboratory Evaluation of Acquired Coagulation Disorders, 468
Richard A. Marlar and Katerine Seywerd

37 Platelet Assays and Platelet Dysfunction, 480
Paul Harrison and David Keeling

38 Thrombophilia: Assays and Interpretation, 492
Sophia Yohe and John Olson

39 Lupus Anticoagulants, Antiphospholipid Antibodies, and Antiphospholipid Syndrome, 509
William L. Nichols, Kandice Kottke-Marchant, Marlies R. Ledford-Kraemer, Henry A. Homburger, Layna K. Cardel

40 Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia, 526
Sixten Selleng and Andreas Greinacher

41 Anticoagulant, Antiplatelet, and Thrombolytic Drugs, 535
Laura Green and Samuel J. Machin

42 Guidelines for Evaluation of Coagulation Analyzers and Coagulation Testing, 543
Chris Gardiner

VI Special Hematology Techniques, 553

43 Essentials of Immunohematology, 555
A. Bradley Eisenbrey

44 Analysis of Hemoglobinopathies, Hemoglobin Variants and Thalassemias, 562
Monica V. E. Gallivan and Piero C. Giordano

45 Nutritional Anemia, 586
Ralph Green

46 Hemolytic Anemias Associated with Disorders of Erythrocyte Membrane and Cytoskeleton Proteins, 602
May-Jean King, Lesley J. Bruce, Didier Dhermy

47 Body Fluid Analysis, 615
David J. Blomberg, Katherine Galagan, and Eric F. Glassy

48 Malaria Analysis, 626
Qigui Li, Peter J. Weina, and R. Scott Miller

49 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), 638
Josep M. Jou

VII Point-of-Care Testing, 647

50 Needs Analysis and Selection of Point-of-Care Testing Analyzers, 649
Albert Huisman

51 Point-of-Care Testing in Hemostasis, 655
Steve Kitchen and Dianne Kitchen

52 Point-of-Care Hematology Assays, 668
Albert Huisman

VIII Management of Information 673

53 Laboratory Management, 675
Stefanie L. McFadden and Linda M. Sandhaus

54 Hematology Quality Practices 686
George S. Cembrowski

55 Digital Imaging in Hematology, 707
Danny Hsu and Szu-Hee Lee

Index, 719