Cardiac Mapping

Mohammad Shenasa MD Attending Physician Department of Cardiovascular Services O Connor Hospital; San Jose, California Gerhard Hindricks MD Professor of Medicine (Cardiology) University Leipzig, Heart Center; Director, Department of Electrophysiology Leipzig, Germany Martin Borggrefe MD Professor of Medicine (Cardiology) Head, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology Klinikum Mannheim GmbH Universitatsklinikum Fakultat fur Klinische Medizin Mannheim der Universitat Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany Gunter Breithardt, MD Professor of Medicine (Cardiology), Head, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hospital of the University of Munster, D-48129 Munster, Germany Mark E. Josephson, MD Herman C. Dana Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical School Chief of Cardiovascular Division Beth Israel Deacomess Medical Center

Contributors, ix Preface to the Fourth Edition, xv Preface to the First Edition, xvi Foreword, xvii European Perspective, xviii Acknowledgements, xix Part I Methodological and Technical Considerations 1 Evolution of Cardiac Mapping: From Direct Analog to Digital Multi-Dimensional Recording, 3 Jacques M. T. de Bakker and Marc A. Vos 2 Image Acquisition and Processing in New Technologies, 12 Clinton Schneider and Srijoy Mahapatra 3 Microelectrode Arrays in Cardiac Mapping, 18 Thomas Meyer, Elke Guenther and Udo Kraushaar 4 Cardiac Morphology Relevant to Mapping, 28 Siew Yen Ho, Jose Angel Cabrera and Damian Sanchez-Quintana 5 Comparison of Mapping Technologies for Cardiac Electrophysiology, 36 Ross J. Hunter and Richard J. Schilling 6 Interpretation of Electrograms and Complex Maps of Different Mapping Technologies, 46 Kyoko Soejima and Seiji Fukamizu 7 Cardiac Mapping: Approach and Troubleshooting for the Electrophysiologist, 53 Matthew J. Swale and Samuel J. Asirvatham Part II Mapping in Experimental Models of Cardiac Arrhythmias 8 Optical Mapping: Its Impact on Understanding Arrhythmia Mechanisms, 71 Jan N.emec, Jong Kim and Guy Salama 9 Optical Mapping of the Sinoatrial Node and Atrioventricular Node, 79 Ajit H. Janardhan, Di Lang and Igor R. Efimov 10 Panoramic Optical Imaging of Cardiac Arrhythmias, 90 Crystal M. Ripplinger 11 Optical Imaging of Arrhythmias in Cardiomyocyte Monolayer Culture, 98 Herman D. Himel IV, Gil Bub and Nabil El-Sherif 12 Mapping of Rotors in Atrial Fibrillation: From Animal Models to Humans, 108 Omer Berenfeld, David Filgueiras-Rama and Felipe Atienza 13 Multiple Mechanisms Causing Ventricular Tachycardia, 119 Andrew L. Wit and Mark E. Josephson 14 Modeling of Atrial Fibrillation, 131 Nathalie Virag, Vincent Jacquemet and Lukas Kappenberger 15 Modeling of Ventricular Arrhythmias, 140 Natalia A. Trayanova 16 Personalized Electrophysiological Modeling of the Human Atrium, 150 Olaf Doessel, Martin Kruger and Gunnar Seemann 17 Mapping of the Atrial Neural Network: Autonomic Mechanisms Underlying Complex Fractionated Atrial Electrograms and the Substrate for Atrial Fibrillation, 159 Youqi Fan, Benjamin J. Scherlag , Yu Liu, Heng Cai, Lilei Yu, Eric Hepler, Shailesh Male, Warren M. Jackman and Sunny S. Po 18 Mapping of Atrial Repolarization Changes and Tachyarrhythmia Sites of Origin During Activation of Mediastinal Nerve Inputs to the Intrinsic Cardiac Nervous System, 172 Rene Cardinal and Pierre Page 19 How to Map Autonomic Activity, 179 Eue-Keun Choi, Mark J. Shen, Shien-Fong Lin, Michael C. Fishbein, Lan S. Chen and Peng-Sheng Chen Part III Mapping of Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias 20 Mapping of Human Atrial Flutter and Its Variants, 191 Navinder S. Sawhney, Wayne Whitwam and Gregory K. Feld 21 New Insights into Reentry Circuits from Mapping and Ablation of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia, 213 Tomos Walters and Jonathan M. Kalman 22 Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia: Current Understanding and Controversies, 224 Mohammad-Reza Jazayeri, Edward T. Keelan and Mohammad-Ali Jazayeri 23 Mapping of Typical Preexcitation Syndromes, 249 Pradyot Saklani, Peter Leong-Sit, Lorne J. Gula, Allan C. Skanes, Andrew D. Krahn, Raymond Yee and George J. Klein 24 Cardiac Mapping in Variants of the Ventricular Preexcitation Syndrome, 262 Eduardo Back Sternick, Yash Lokhandwala and Hein J. J. Wellens 25 Three-Dimensional Post-Pacing Interval Mapping of Left Atrial Tachycardia, 299 Philipp Sommer and Christopher Piorkowski 26 Recent Observations in Mapping of Complex Fractionated Atrial Electrograms in Atrial Fibrillation, 306 Koonlawee Nademanee and Montawatt Amnueypol 27 Monophasic Action Potential Recordings in Atrial Fibrillation and Role of Repolarization Alternans, 317 Michael R. Franz, Sameer M. Jamal and Sanjiv Narayan 28 Mapping of the Atrial Electrogram in Sinus Rhythm and Different Atrial Fibrillation Substrates, 328 Yenn-Jiang Lin, Shih-Lin Chang, Li-Wei Lo and Shih-Ann Chen 29 Management of Atrial Tachycardias Arising in the Context of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation, 341 Amir S. Jadidi, Ashok J. Shah, Meleze Hocini, Michel Haissaguerre and Pierre Jais 30 Stepwise Approach to Management of Atrial Arrhythmias after Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation, 351 Borislav Dinov, Arash Arya and Gerhard Hindricks 31 Mapping of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: How Many Sites, How Many Lines?, 358 Claude S. Elayi, Luigi Di Biase, Gustavo Morales, Jenks Thompson and Andrea Natale 32 Mapping of Focal Right Atrial and Coronary Sinus Tachycardias, 367 Nitish Badhwar, Byron K. Lee, Melvin M. Scheinman and Jeffrey E. Olgin 33 Is There a Role For Mapping of Dominant Frequency in Human Atrial Fibrillation?, 380 Hakan Oral and Fred Morady 34 Do Mapping Strategies Influence the Outcome in AF Ablation?, 391 Laura Vitali Serdoz and Riccardo Cappato 35 Mapping of Atrial Fibrillation: Comparing Complex Fractionated Atrial Electrograms, Voltage Maps, Dominant Frequency Maps and Ganglionic Plexi, 400 Amin Al-Ahmad and John A. Schoenhard 36 Mapping Strategies in Failed and Redo Ablation of Atrial Arrhythmias, 410 Stephen B. Wilton, Shinsuke Miyazaki and Michel Haissaguerre 37 The Use of Multi-electrode Catheters for Electroanatomical Mapping of Atrial Fibrillation, 418 Moussa Mansour and Jeremy N. Ruskin Part IV Mapping of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias 38 Mapping of VT in Structurally Normal Hearts, 425 Amit J. Thosani, Martin L. Bernier and Mark E. Josephson 39 Advances in Mapping and Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Ischemic and Scar-related Substrates, 439 Ransford S. Brenya, Deepak Bhakta and John M. Miller 40 Mapping of Ventricular Tachycardias in Rare Cardiomyopathies, 450 Lars Eckardt, Dirk Dechering, Stephan Zellerhoff, G.. unter Breithardt and Kristina Wasmer 41 Advances in Mapping of Ventricular Fibrillation and Defibrillation: Role of the Purkinje System, 459 Derek J. Dosdall, Paul B. Tabereaux and Raymond E. Ideker 42 Phase Mapping of Cardiac Fibrillation: Applications in Studying Human Ventricular Fibrillation, 467 Karthikeyan Umapathy, St'ephane Masse and Kumaraswamy Nanthakumar 43 Myocardial Substrate Mapping in Non-ischemic Cardiomyopathy Ventricular Tachycardia, 477 Michifumi Tokuda and William G. Stevenson 44 Epicardial Mapping: Technique, Indication and Results, 484 Jeffrey R. Winterfield, Alexander Green, Peter Santucci, Smit Vasaiwala and David J. Wilber 45 Combined Endocardial and Epicardial Mapping of Ventricular Tachycardia, 500 Mathew D. Hutchinson and Francis E. Marchlinski 46 Localization of the Arrhythmogenic Substrate in Non-ischemic Cardiomyopathy: Combined Endocardial and Epicardial Mapping and Ablation, 514 Nilesh S. Mathuria, Roderick Tung and Kalyanam Shivkumar 47 Is Resetting and Entrainment Mapping Still Useful with New Technologies?, 524 David J. Callans 48 Should We Map and Ablate the Triggers, Substrates, Ventricular Tachycardia Circuit or All?, 537 Daniel Steven, Jakob Luker, Arian Sultan, Imke Drewitz, Boris Hoffmann, Helge Servatius and Stephan Willems 49 Mapping of Ventricular Arrhythmias Originating from Aortic and Pulmonic Valves, 544 Erik Wissner, Andreas Metzner, Roland Richard Tilz, Feifan Ouyang and Karl-Heinz Kuck 50 Do Mapping Strategies Influence Outcomes in Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation?, 551 Pasquale Vergara, Nicola Trevisi and Paolo Della Bella Part V Future Directions and Technologies in Cardiac Mapping and Imaging of Cardiac Arrhythmias 51 Future in Intracardiac Three-dimensional Mapping-Fluroscopy Integrated Sensor-Based Catheter Navigation: The MediGuide Technology, 563 Thomas Gaspar and Christopher Piorkowski 52 Role of Remote Navigation in Mapping and Ablation of Complex Arrhythmias, 566 Sabine Ernst 53 Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Derived Myocardial Fiber Disarray in Hypertensive Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: Visualization, Quantification and the Effect on Mechanical Function, 574 Archontis Giannakidis, Damien Rohmer, Alexander I. Veress and Grant T. Gullberg 54 Imaging Fiber Orientation with Optical Coherence Tomography and Diffusion-Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging and its Role in Arrhythmogenesis, 589 Rachel C. Myles and Crystal M. Ripplinger 55 Novel Imaging Strategies for Cardiac Arrhythmias, 598 Abhishek Deshmukh, Jagat Narula and Partho P. Sengupta 56 Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Mapping the Architecture of the Arrhythmia Substrate in Patients with Ischemic and Non-ischemic Cardiomyopathy, 612 Frank Bogun and Gisela Mueller 57 New Image Integration Technologies for Optimization of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy, 620 Charlotte Eitel and Christopher Piorkowski 58 Role of Mapping and Imaging in Brugada Syndrome, 627 Sergio Richter and Pedro Brugada 59 Role of Mapping and Ablation in Genetic Diseases: Long QT Syndrome and Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia, 644 Steven J. Fowler, Larry A. Chinitz and Silvia G. Priori 60 Role of Late Gadolinium-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Detection and Quantification of Atrial Fibrosis, 656 Alexis Ramirez and Nassir F. Marrouche 61 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Risk Stratification and Management of Arrhythmia, 664 Pier D. Lambiase and William J. McKenna 62 Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy, 678 Aditya Bhonsale, Hugh Calkins and Harikrishna Tandri 63 Role of Cardiac Computed Tomography Imaging to Guide Catheter Ablation of Arrhythmias in Complex Cardiac Morphologies, 686 Farhood Saremi 64 Multi-modality and Multi-dimensional Mapping: How Far Do We Need To Go?, 705 Nikolaos Kanagkinis, Arash Arya and Gerhard Hindricks 65 Advances in Non-invasive Electrocardiographic Imaging: Examples of Atrial Arrhythmias, 712 Yoram Rudy, Phillip S. Cuculich and Ramya Vijayakumar 66 ST Segment Mapping in Ventricular Tachycardia, 722 Levent Sahiner and Ali Oto 67 Microvolt T-wave Alternans, 726 Levent Sahiner and Ali Oto 68 Electrophysiological Implications of Myocardial Cell and Gene Therapy Strategies, 732 Leonid Maizels and Lior Gepstein 69 Towards Non-invasive Mapping and Imaging of Cardiac Arrhythmias, 742 Victoria Delgado, Matteo Bertini and Jeroen J. Bax 70 Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease, 756 Edward P. Walsh 71 Mapping and Imaging of Supraventricular Arrhythmias in Adult Complex Congenital Heart Disease, 771 Paul Khairy 72 Remodeling and Reverse Remodeling: Mapping/Imaging Findings, 788 Philippe Comtois and Stanley Nattel 73 Epicardial Mapping of Longstanding Persistent Atrial Fibrillation, 797 Natasja de Groot and Maurits A. Allessie 74 Use of Intracardiac Echocardiography to Guide Ablation of Atrial and Ventricular Arrhythmias, 809 Jason T. Jacobson and Bradley P. Knight 75 Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Electrophysiology, 819 Anita Wokhlu and Douglas L. Packer 76 Magnetic Resonance Phase Mapping for Myocardial Structural Abnormalities Relevant to Arrhythmias, 828 Daniela Foll, Thomas Faber, Michael Markl, Christoph Bode and Bernd Jung 77 Three-Dimensional Mapping to Guide Optimal Catheter Position in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy, 836 David Spragg, Fady Dawoud and Albert C. Lardo 78 Array Tomography for Cardiovascular Imaging: Description of Technique and Potential Applications, 847 Sanaz Saatchi, Stephen J. Smith and Kristina D. Micheva 79 Optimizing Patient Safety and Image Quality with Cardiac Mapping and Imaging Tools During Catheter Ablation, 857 Monica Jiddou and David E. Haines 80 The Future of Cardiac Mapping: Dawn of a New Decade, 867 Mohammad Shenasa, Shahriar Heidary, Javad Rahimian and Gerhard Hindricks Epilogue by Denis Noble, 919 Index, 921