Basics of PET Imaging

Preface Chapter 1Radioactive Decay and Interaction of Radiation with Matter Atomic StructureRadioactive DecayGeneral Radioactive Decay EquationsSuccessive Decay EquationsUnits of RadioactivityUnits of Radioactivity in System InternationaleCalculationInteraction of Radiation with Matter Interaction of Charged Particles with Matter Interaction of ( Radiation with Matter Attenuation of ( RadiationsQuestionsReferences and Suggested Reading Chapter 2PET Scanning Systems Background Solid Detectors in PET Photomultiplier Tube Pulse Height Analyzer Arrangement of Detectors PET Scanners Hybrid Scintillation Cameras PET/CT Scanners Small Animal PET Scanner Mobile PETQuestionsReferences and Suggested Reading Chapter 3Data Acquisition and Corrections Data Acquisition Two-dimensional versus three-dimensional PET/CT data acquisitionFactors Affecting Acquired Data Normalization Photon Attenuation Random Coincidences Scatter Coincidences Dead Time Radial ElongationQuestionsSuggested Reading Chapter 4Image Reconstruction, Storage and Display Simple BackprojectionFiltered Backprojection The Convolution Method The Fourier Method Types of FiltersIterative Reconstruction3-D ReconstructionPartial Volume EffectStorageDisplaySoftware and DICOMPACSTeleradiologyQuestionsReferences and Suggested Reading Chapter 5Performance Characteristics of PET Scanners Spatial ResolutionSensitivityNoiseScatter FractionContrastQuality Control of PET Scanners Daily Quality Control Tests Weekly Quality Control TestsAcceptance Tests Spatial Resolution Sensitivity Scatter Fraction Count Rate Losses and Random CoincidencesQuestionsReferences and Suggested Reading Chapter 6Cyclotron and Production of PET Radionuclides Cyclotron OperationTarget and its ProcessingEquation for Production of RadionuclidesSpecific ActivityProduction of Short-lived Positron-emitters Fluorine-18 Carbon-11 Nitrogen-13 Oxygen-15 Iodine-124 Strontium-82 Technetium-94mQuestionsSuggested Reading Chapter 7Synthesis of PET Radiopharmaceuticals PET Radiopharmaceuticals 18F-Sodium Fluoride 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) 6-18F-L-Fluorodopa 18F-Fluorothymidine (FLT) 15O-Water n-15O-Butanol 13N-Ammonia 11C-Sodium Acetate 11C-Flumazenil 11C-Methylspiperone (MSP) 11C-L-Methonine 11C-Raclopride 82Rb-Rubidium ChlorideAutomated Synthesis DevicesQuality Control of PET RadiopharmaceuticalsSpecifications for Routine PET Radiopharmaceuticals 18F-FDG 6-18F-L-Fluorodopa 13N-AmmoniaQuestionsReferences and Suggested Reading Chapter 8Regulations Governing PET Radiopharmaceuticals Food and Drug Administration Radioactive Drug Research CommitteeRadiation Regulations for PET Radiopharmaceuticals License or Registration Regulations for Radiation ProtectionPrinciples of Radiation Protection Time Distance Shielding Activity Do's and Don'ts in Radiation Protection PracticeDepartment of TransportationDistribution of 18F-FDGQuestionsReferences and Suggested Reading Chapter 9Reimbursement for PET Procedures BackgroundCoverageCoding CPT, HCPCS and APC Codes ICD-9-CM CodesPayment Hospital Inpatient Services -- Medicare Hospital Outpatient Services -- Medicare Freestanding Imaging Center -- Medicare Non-Medicare Payers -- all settingsBilling Billing ProcessChronology of PET ReimbursementQuestionsReferences and Suggested Reading Chapter 10Design and Cost of PET Center Site PlanningPassagePET Center PET Scanner Section Cyclotron Section Office AreaCaveatShielding Case StudyCost of PET OperationQuestionsReferences and Suggest Reading Chapter 11Procedures for PET Studies Whole Body PET Imaging with 18F-FDGWhole Body PET/CT imaging with 18F-FDGMyocardial Perfusion Imaging with 82RbMyocardial Metabolic Imaging with 18F-FDGAddendum 82Rb Infusion Pump Appendix A.Abbreviations Used in the TextAppendix B.Terms Used in the TextAppendix C.Units and ConstantsAppendix D.Estimated Absorbed Doses From Intravenous Administration of 18F-FDG and 82Rb-RbClAppendix E.Evaluation of Tumor Uptake of 18F-FDG by PETAppendix F.Answers to Questions Index