New Natural Products and Plant Drugs with Pharmacological, Biological or Therapeutical Activity

Problems and Prospects of Discovering New Drugs from Higher Plants by Pharmacological Screening.- A. Introduction.- B. Value of Drugs Obtained from Higher Plants.- I. Commercial Value of Plant-Derived Drugs.- II. Role of Plant-Derived Drugs as Therapeutic Agents.- III. Uses Other than as Drugs for Plant-Derived Chemicals.- C. Apathy in Plant-Derived Drug Development.- D. Current Level of Worldwide Research on Plant-Derived Drugs.- E. Pharmacological Screening Programs for Plant Extracts.- I. Random Selection Approach.- II. Selection of Plants Containing Specific Types of Chemical Compounds.- III. Selection of Plants Based on a Combination of Criteria.- F. Problems in the Pharmacological Screening of Extracts from Higher Plants.- I. Variation from Sample to Sample.- II. Unexpected Dose-Response Relationships.- III. Variation Within Samples from the Same Lot of Plant Material.- IV. Failure to Obtain Positive Results with an Extract Containing Active Principles.- V. Miscellaneous Considerations in Screening Plant Extracts.- G. Prospects for the Future.- References.- Pharmacological Approaches to Natural Product Screening and Evaluation.- A. Ideal Requirements for a Primary Screen.- B. Past Approaches to Primary Pharmacological Screening.- I. Single Technique-Single Goal Screening.- II. Screening Using a Battery of Specific Procedures.- III. Single Technique-Multiple Goals Screening.- IV. Combinations of Specific and Multipurpose Procedures.- C. Multidimensional Primary Screening.- I. The Rat "Hippocratic" Screen.- 1. Variations of Hippocratic Screening.- 2. Computerized Hippocratic Evaluation.- II. The Mouse Multidimensional Screen.- III. Relative Merits of the Mouse and Rat Primary Screens.- D. Multidimensional Secondary Screening of Extracts and Pure Compounds.- I. The Dog Pharmacodynamic Screen.- II. Other Approaches to Secondary Evaluation.- E. Tertiary Evaluation.- F. Addendum-Sample Print-Out of Computerized Hippocratic Evaluation.- References.- Recent Experimental and Clinical Data Concerning Antitumor and Cytotoxic Agents from Plants.- A. Introduction.- B. Terpenoids.- I. Sesquiterpenes.- II. Diterpenes.- III. Simaroubolides.- C. Miscellaneous Compounds.- D. Alkaloids.- I. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids.- II. Isoquinoline Alkaloids.- III. Benzophenanthridines.- IV. Miscellaneous Alkaloids.- V. Monomeric Indole Alkaloids.- VI. Camptothecine.- VII. Cephalotaxus Alkaloids.- VIII. Dimeric Indole Alkaloids.- IX. Maytansinoids.- E. Summary.- References.- Recent Advances in the Field of Antibiotics.- A. Introduction.- B. Acetate/Propionate-Derived Metabolites.- I. Tetracyclines.- II. Anthracyclines.- III. Aflatoxins.- IV. Macrolides.- V. Cytochalasans.- VI. Polyethers.- VII. Macrotetrolides.- VIII. Nonadrides.- IX. Ansamycins.- X. Ovalicin and Pseurotins.- C. Isoprenoid Metabolites.- D. Amino Acid-Derived Metabolites.- I. Penicillins and Cephalosporins.- II. Other Natural ss-Lactams.- III. Cyclic Polypeptides.- E. Conclusion.- References.- Progress in the Chemistry of Alkaloids with Pharmacological or Biological Activity.- References.- Plant Mono-, Di- and Sesquiterpenoids with Pharmacological or Therapeutical Activity.- A. Introduction.- B. Classification.- C. General Biological Properties.- D. Monoterpenes.- I. Normal Monoterpenes.- 1. Antiseptic, Disinfectant, Anthelmintic Properties.- 2. Irritant, Skin Stimulant, Expectorant, Diuretic Properties.- 3. Sedative, Carminative, Spasmolytic Properties.- II. Cyclopentanoid Monoterpenes and Derivatives.- 1. Biological Activity of the Methylcyclopentanoid Monoterpenes of the Nepetalactone Type.- 2. Pharmacological Activity of the Iridoids and Secoiridoids.- Antimicrobial Activity.- Hypotensive Effect.- Analgetic and Antiphlogistic Properties.- Bitter Tonic.- Sedative Agents.- Laxative Properties.- Antileukemic Activity.- Various Other Effects.- 3. Cantharidin.- E. Sesquiterpenes and Diterpenes.- I. Antiphlogistic and Spasmolytic Agents.- II. Bitter Substances.- III. Antitumor Activity.- F. Conclusion.- References.- Saponins with Biological and Pharmacological Activity.- A. Introduction.- B. Saponins of Licorice.- I. Corticoidal Activities of Glycyrrhizin.- II. Antiinflammatory Activities of Glycyrrhizin.- III. Antigastric Ulcer Effects of Glycyrrhizin.- IV. Metabolic Effects of Glycyrrhizin.- C. The Saponins of Bupleuri Radix and Platycodi Radix.- D. Saponins of Polygalae Radix and Senegae Radix.- E. Saponins of Akebiae Vitis.- F. Aescin, the Saponins of the Seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum.- G. Saponins of Ginseng.- I. Chemical Studies on the Saponins and Sapogenins of Ginseng and its Congeners.- II. Pharmacological and Biochemical Studies on Ginseng Saponins.- III. Pharmacological Studies on Japanese Chikusetsu-Ginseng1.- H. Saponins of Zizyphus Spinosi Semen.- I. Concluding Remarks.- References.- Dimeric Natural Compounds with Pharmacological Activity.- A. Definitions and Classification.- B. The Formation of Dimeric Compounds.- C. Pharmacological and Physiological Activity.- I. Lignahs.- II. Dimeric Photosensitizers.- III. Coumarins.- References.- Chemical and Biological Investigations on Indian Medicinal Plants.- A. Introduction.- B. Alkaloids.- I. Tylophora Alkaloids.- II. Ancistrocladus Alkaloids.- III. Alkaloids of Croton sparsiflorus Morong.- IV. Alkaloids of Mappia foetida Miers.- V. Alkaloids of Piper trichostaehyon C.Dc.- VI. Alkaloids from some Menispermaceae Plants.- 1. Alkaloids from Tiliacora racemosa Colebr.- 2. Alkaloids of Cocculus pendulus (Forsk) Diels and Cocculus laurifolius Dc.- 3. Alkaloids of Cissampelos pareira Linn.- C. Oxygen Heterocycles.- I. Cryptocaryalactone and Cryptocaryone.- II. Surangin A and B.- III. Tuberosin.- D. Terpenoids.- I. Sesquiterpenes of Cedrus deodara Loudon.- II. Enhydrin.- III. Tagitinins A and F.- IV. Coleonol.- V. Diosbulbine.- VI. Dysobinin.- VII. Triterpenes of Salacia prinoides DC.- E. Glycosides.- I. Cleistanthin.- II. Ipolearoside.- III. Stigmasta-7, 22-diene-3 ?-O-glucoside.- IV. Scuttelarein-5-glucuronide.- V. Glycosides of Picrorhiza kurrooa Benth.- VI. Asclepin.- VII. Shatavarins I- Screen.- 1. Variations of Hippocratic Screening.- 2. Computerized Hippocratic Evaluation.- II. The Mouse Multidimensional Screen.- III. Relative Merits of the Mouse and Rat Primary Screens.- D. Multidimensional Secondary Screening of Extracts and Pure Compounds.- I. The Dog Pharmacodynamic Screen.- II. Other Approaches to Secondary Evaluation.- E. Tertiary Evaluation.- F. Addendum-Sample Print-Out of Computerized Hippocratic Evaluation.- References.- Recent Experimental and Clinical Data Concerning Antitumor and Cytotoxic Agents from Plants.- A. Introduction.- B. Terpenoids.- I. Sesquiterpenes.- II. Diterpenes.- III. Simaroubolides.- C. Miscellaneous Compounds.- D. Alkaloids.- I. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids.- II. Isoquinoline Alkaloids.- III. Benzophenanthridines.- IV. Miscellaneous Alkaloids.- V. Monomeric Indole Alkaloids.- VI. Camptothecine.- VII. Cephalotaxus Alkaloids.- VIII. Dimeric Indole Alkaloids.- IX. Maytansinoids.- E. Summary.- References.- Recent Advances in the Field of Antibiotics.- A. Introduction.- B. Acetate/Propionate-Derived Metabolites.- I. Tetracyclines.- II. Anthracyclines.- III. Aflatoxins.- IV. Macrolides.- V. Cytochalasans.- VI. Polyethers.- VII. Macrotetrolides.- VIII. Nonadrides.- IX. Ansamycins.- X. Ovalicin and Pseurotins.- C. Isoprenoid Metabolites.- D. Amino Acid-Derived Metabolites.- I. Penicillins and Cephalosporins.- II. Other Natural ss-Lactams.- III. Cyclic Polypeptides.- E. Conclusion.- References.- Progress in the Chemistry of Alkaloids with Pharmacological or Biological Activity.- References.- Plant Mono-, Di- and Sesquiterpenoids with Pharmacological or Therapeutical Activity.- A. Introduction.- B. Classification.- C. General Biological Properties.- D. Monoterpenes.- I. Normal Monoterpenes.- 1. Antiseptic, Disinfectant, Anthelmintic Properties.- 2. Irritant, Skin Stimulant, Expectorant, Diuretic Properties.- 3. Sedative, Carminative, Spasmolytic Properties.- II. Cyclopentanoid Monoterpenes and Derivatives.- 1. Biological Activity of the Methylcyclopentanoid Monoterpenes of the Nepetalactone Type.- 2. Pharmacological Activity of the Iridoids and Secoiridoids.- Antimicrobial Activity.- Hypotensive Effect.- Analgetic and Antiphlogistic Properties.- Bitter Tonic.- Sedative Agents.- Laxative Properties.- Antileukemic Activity.- Various Other Effects.- 3. Cantharidin.- E. Sesquiterpenes and Diterpenes.- I. Antiphlogistic and Spasmolytic Agents.- II. Bitter Substances.- III. Antitumor Activity.- F. Conclusion.- References.- Saponins with Biological and Pharmacological Activity.- A. Introduction.- B. Saponins of Licorice.- I. Corticoidal Activities of Glycyrrhizin.- II. Antiinflammatory Activities of Glycyrrhizin.- III. Antigastric Ulcer Effects of Glycyrrhizin.- IV. Metabolic Effects of Glycyrrhizin.- C. The Saponins of Bupleuri Radix and Platycodi Radix.- D. Saponins of Polygalae Radix and Senegae Radix.- E. Saponins of Akebiae Vitis.- F. Aescin, the Saponins of the Seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum.- G. Saponins of Ginseng.- I. Chemical Studies on the Saponins and Sapogenins of Ginseng and its Congeners.- II. Pharmacological and Biochemical Studies on Ginseng Saponins.- III. Pharmacological Studies on Japanese Chikusetsu-Ginseng1.- H. Saponins of Zizyphus Spinosi Semen.- I. Concluding Remarks.- References.- Dimeric Natural Compounds with Pharmacological Activity.- A. Definitions and Classification.- B. The Formation of Dimeric Compounds.- C. Pharmacological and Physiological Activity.- I. Lignahs.- II. Dimeric Photosensitizers.- III. Coumarins.- References.- Chemical and Biological Investigations on Indian Medicinal Plants.- A. Introduction.- B. Alkaloids.- I. Tylophora Alkaloids.- II. Ancistrocladus Alkaloids.- III. Alkaloids of Croton sparsiflorus Morong.- IV. Alkaloids of Mappia foetida Miers.- V. Alkaloids of Piper trichostaehyon C.Dc.- VI. Alkaloids from some Menispermaceae Plants.- 1. Alkaloids from Tiliacora racemosa Colebr.- 2. Alkaloids of Cocculus pendulus (Forsk) Diels and Cocculus laurifolius Dc.- 3. Alkaloids of Cissampelos pareira Linn.- C. Oxygen Heterocycles.- I. Cryptocaryalactone and Cryptocaryone.- II. Surangin A and B.- III. Tuberosin.- D. Terpenoids.- I. Sesquiterpenes of Cedrus deodara Loudon.- II. Enhydrin.- III. Tagitinins A and F.- IV. Coleonol.- V. Diosbulbine.- VI. Dysobinin.- VII. Triterpenes of Salacia prinoides DC.- E. Glycosides.- I. Cleistanthin.- II. Ipolearoside.- III. Stigmasta-7, 22-diene-3 ?-O-glucoside.- IV. Scuttelarein-5-glucuronide.- V. Glycosides of Picrorhiza kurrooa Benth.- VI. Asclepin.- VII. Shatavarins I-IV.- VIII. Glycosides of Carissa Species.- IX. Peruvoside.- F. Miscellaneous.- I. Curcumine.- II. Arnebin.- III. Diospyrol.- IV. Steroidal Constituents of Commiphora mukul.- References.- Chemistry of Neolignans with Potential Biological Activity.- A. Introduction.- B. Benzofuranoid Neolignans.- I. Di- and Tetrahydrobenzofurans.- II. Hexahydrobenzofurans.- C. Benzodioxane and Other Neolignans.- D. Bicyclo [3, 2, 1] octanoid Neolignans.- E. Biogenesis of Neolignans.- F. Conclusion.- References.- Natural Substances with Effects on the Liver.- References.- The Modification of Natural Substances in the Modern Drug Synthesis.- A. Introduction.- B. Main Part.- I. Steroids and Prostanoids.- II. "Chemotherapy".- III. Claviceps Purpurea.- 1. Peptide Alkaloids (13-15).- (a) Ergotamine(2).- (b) Dihydroergotamine.- (c) Dihydroergotoxines.- (d) 2-Bromo-?-ergocryptine = CB 154 (16).- 2. Low-Molecular Lysergic Acid Derivatives.- Lysergic Acid Diethylamide.- Methylergobasine.- Methysergide.- IV. Opiates.- V. Cannabinoids.- VI. Natural Substances in the Role of Raw Material for Drug Synthesis and Biochemical Model Reactions.- References.