CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2011

Professor of MedicineDivision of General Internal MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California, San Francisco Professor of Clinical Medicine Associate Dean for Student Affairs School of Medicine University of California, San Francisco Professor of Medicine Division of General Internal MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California, San Francisco

Authors
Preface
1. Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Michael Pignone and Rene Salazar
Prevention of Infectious Diseases
Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Prevention of Osteoporosis
Prevention of Physical Inactivity
Prevention of Overweight & Obesity
Cancer Prevention
Prevention of Injuries & Violence
Prevention of Substance Abuse: Alcohol & Illicit Drugs
2. Common Symptoms, Ralph Gonzales & Paul L. Nadler
Cough
Dyspnea
Hemoptysis
Chest Pain
Palpitations
Acute Knee Pain
Lower Extremity Edema
Fever & Hyperthermia
Involuntary Weight Loss
Fatique & Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Acute Headache
Dysuria
3. Preoperative Evaluation & Perioperative Management, Hugo Q. Cheng
Evaluation of the Asymptomatic Patient
Cardiac Risk Assessment & Reduction
Pulmonary Evaluation in Non-Lung Resection Surgery
Evaluation of the Patient with Liver Disease
Preoperative Hematologic Evaluation
Neurologic Evaluation
Management of Endocrine Diseases
Kidney Disease
Antibiotic Prophylaxis of Surgical Site Infections
4. Geriatric Disorders, C. Bree Johnston, G. Michael Harper, & C. Seth Landefeld
General PrinciplesAssessment of the Older Adult
Management of Common Geriatric Problems
--Dementia
--Depression
--Delirium
--Immobility
--Falls & Gait Disorders
--Urinary Incontinence
--Undernutrition & Frailty
--Pressure Ulcers
--Pharmacotherapy & Polypharmacy
--Vision Impairment
--Hearing Impairment
--Elder Abuse
5. Palliative Care & Pain Management, Michael W. Rabow & Steven Z. Pantilat
Definition & Scope of Palliative Care
Pain Management
--Principles of Pain Management
--Pain at the End of Life
--Pharmacologic Pain Management Strategies
--Nonpharmacologic Treatments
Palliation of Other Common Symptoms
--Dyspnea
--Nausea & Vomiting
--Constipation
--Delirium & Agitation
End-of-Life Care
--Tasks after Death
6. Dermatologic Disorders, Timothy G. Berger
Principles of Dermatologic Therapy
Common Dermatoses
--Pigmented Lesions
--Scaling Disorders
--Vesicular Dermatoses
--Weeping or Crusted Lesions
--Pustular Diseases
--Erythemas
--Blistering Diseases
--Papules
--Violaceous to Purple Papules & Nodules
--Prutitus (Itching)
--Inflammatory Nodules
--Epiderman Inclusion Cyst
--Photodermatisis
--Ulcers
Miscellaneous Dermatologic Disorders
--Pigmentary Disorders
--Baldness
--Nail Disorders
--Dermatitis Medicamentosa (Drup Eruption)
7. Disorders of the Eyes & Lids, Paul Riordan-Eva
Refractive Errors
Disorders of the Lids & Lacrimal Apparatus
Conjunctivitis
Penguecula & Pterygium
Corneal Ulcer
Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma
Chronic Glaucoma
Uveitis
Cataract
Retinal Detachment
Vitreous Hemorrhage
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Central & Branch Retinal Vein Occlusions
Central & Branch Retinal Artery Occlusions
Transient Monocular Blindness
Retinal Disorders Associated with Systemic Diseases
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Optic Neuritis
Optic Disk Swelling
Osular Motor Palsies
Dysthyroid Eye Disease
Orbital Cellulitis
Ocular Trauma
Ultraviolet Keratitis (Actinic Keratitis)
Chemical Conjunctivitis & Keratitis
Treatment of Ocular Disorders
Precautions in Management of Ocular Disorders
Adverse Ocular Effects of Systemic Drugs
8. Ear, Nose, & Throat Disorders, Lawrence R. Lustig & Joshua S. Schindler
Diseases of the Ear
Diseases of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Diseases of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx
Diseases of the Salivary Glands
Diseases of the Larynx
Tracheostomy & Cricothyrotomy
Foreign Bodies in the Upper Aerodigestive Tract
Diseases Presenting as Neck Masses
9. Pulmonary Disorders, Mark S. Chesnutt & Thomas J. Predergast
Disorders of the Airways
Pulmonary Infections
Pulmonary Neoplasms
Interstitial Lung Disease (Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease)Disorders of the Pulmonary Circulation
Environmental & Occupational Lung Disorders
Pleural Diseases
Disorders of Control of Ventilation
Acute Respiratory Failure
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
10. Heart Disease, Thomas M. Bashore, Christopher B. Granger, Patrick Hranitzky, & Manesh R. Patel
Congenital Heart Disease
Valvular Heart Disease
Coronary Heart Disease (Atherosclerotic CAD, Ischemic Heart Disease)Disturbances of Rate & Rhythm
Bradycardias & Conduction Disturbances
Congestive Heart Failure
Myocarditis & the Cardiomyopathies
Acute Rheumatic Fever & Rheumatic Heart Disease
Diseases of the Pericardium
Pulmonary Hypertension & Pulmonary Heart Disease
Neoplastic Diseases of the Heart
Cardiac Involvement in Miscellaneous Systemic Diseases
Traumatic Heart Disease
The Cardiac Patient & Surgery
The Cardiac Patient & Pregnancy
Cardiovascular Screening of Athletes
11. Systemic Hypertension, Michael Sutters
How is Blood Pressure Measured and Hypertension Diagnosed?
Prehypertension
Approach to Hypertension
Drug Therapy: Current Antihypertensive Agents
Resistant Hypertension
Hypertensive Urgencies and Emergencies
12. Blood Vessel & Lymphatic Disorders, Joseph H. Rapp, Christopher D. Owens, & Meshell D. Johnson
Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease
Nonatherosclerotic Vascular Disease
Arterial Aneurysms
Venous Diseases
Diseases of the Lymphatic Channels
Shock
13. Blood Disorders, Charles A. Linker & Lloyd E. Damon
Anemias
Neutropenia
Leukemias & Other Myeloproliferative Disorders
Lymphomas
Stem Cell Transplantation
Blood Transfusions
14. Disorders of Hemostatis, Thrombosis, & Antithrombotic Therapy, Patrick F. Fogarty & Tracy Minichiello
Platelet Disorders
Disorders of Coagulation
Antithrombotic Therapy
15. Gastrointestinal Disorders, Kenneth R. McQuaid
Symptoms & Signs of Gastrointestinal Disease
Diseases of the Peritoneum
Diseases of the Esophagus
Diseases of the Stomach & Duodenum
Diseases of the Small Intestine
Diseases of the Colon & Rectum
Anorectal Diseases
16. Liver, Biliary, & Pancreas Disorders, Lawrence S. Friedman
Jaundice
Diseases of the Liver
Diseases of the Biliary Tract
Diseases of the Pancreas
17. Breast Disorders, Armando E. Giuliano and Sara A. Hurvitz
Benign Breast Disorders
--Fibrocystic Condition
--Fibroadenoma of the Breast
--Nipple Discharge
--Fat Necrosis
--Breast Abscess
--Disorders of the Augmented Breast
Carcinoma of the Female Breast
Carcinoma of the Male Breast
18. Gynecologic Disorders, H. Trent Mackay
Abnormal Premenopausal Bleeding
Postmenopausal Vaginal Bleeding
Premenstrual Syndrome (Premenstrual Tension)
Dysmenorrhea
Vaginitis
Cervical Polyps
Cyst & Abscess of Bartholin Duct
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (Dysplasia of the Cervix)
Carcinoma of the Cervix
Leiomyoma of the Uterus (Fibroid Tumor)
Carcinoma of the Endometrium
Carcinoma of the Vulva
Endometriosis
Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (Salpingitis, Endometritis)
Ovarian Cancer & Ovarian Tumors
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Female Sexual Dysfunction
Infertility
Contraception
Rape
Menopausal Syndrome
19. Obstetrics & Obstetric Disorders, Vanessa L. Rogers and Susan Cox
Diagnosis of Pregnancy
Essential of Prenatal Care
Nutrition in Pregnancy
Prevention of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis)
Lactation
Travel & Immunization during Pregnancy
Obstetric Complications of the First & Second Quarter
--Vomiting of Pregnancy (Morning Sickness) & Hyperemesis Gravidarum (Pernicious Vomiting of Pregnancy)
--Spontaneous Abortion
--Recurrent (Habitual) Abortion
--Ectopic Pregnancy
--Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (Hydatidiform Mole & Choriocarcinoma)
Obstetric Complications of the Second & Third Trimester
--Preeclampsia-Eclampsia
--Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy
--Preterm (Premature) Labor
--Third-Trimester Bleeding
Obstetric Complications of the Peripartum Period
--Puerperal Period
--Chorioamnionitis & Endometritis
Medical Conditions Complicating Pregnancy
--Anemia
Lupus Anticoagulant-Anticardiolipin-Antiphospholipid Antibody
--Thyroid Disease
--Diabetes Mellitus
--Hypertensive Disease
--Heart Disease
--Asthma
Seizure Disorders
Infectious Conditions Complicating Pregnancy
--Urinary Tract Infection
--Group B Streptococcal Infection
--Varicella
--Tuberculosis
--HIV/AIDS during Pregnancy
--Maternal Hepatitis B & C Carrier State
--Herpes Genitalis--Syphilis, Gonorrhea, & Chlamydia trachomatis Infection
Surgical Complications during Pregnancy
--Choledocholithiasis, Cholecystitis, & Idiopathic Cholestasis of Pregnancy
--Appendicitis
--Carcinoma of the Breast
--Ovarian Tumors
20. Musculoskeletal & Immunologic Disorders, David B. Hellmann & John B. Imboden, Jr.
Diagnosis & Evaluation
Degenerative & Crystal-Induced Arthritis
Pain Syndromes
Autoimmune Diseases
Vasculitis Syndromes
Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies
Infectious Arthritis
Infections of Bones
Other Rheumatic Diseases
Allergic Diseases
Atopic Disease
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
21. Electrolyte & Acid-Base Disorders, Kerry C. Cho
Disorders of Sodium Concentration
Hyperosmolar Disorders & Osmolar Gaps
Disorders of Potassium Concentration
Disorders of Calcium Concentration
Disorders of Phosphorus Concentration
Disord
ers of Magnesium Concentration
Acid-Base Disorders
Fluid Management
22. Kidney Disease, Suzanne Watnick & Gail Morrison
Assessment of Kidney Disease
Acute Kidney Injury (Acute Renal Failure)
Chronic Kidney Disease
Glomerulonephropathies
Nephrotic Disease in Primary Renal Disorders
Nephrotic Disease from Systemic Disorders
Diseases Demonstrating Nephritic & Nephrotic Components
Tubulointerstitial Diseases
Cystic Diseases of the Kidney
Multisystem Diseases with Variable Kidney Involvement
23. Urologic Disorders, Maxwell V. Meng, Marshall L. Stoller, and Thomas J. Walsh
Hematuria
Genitourinary Tract Infections
--Acute Cystitis
--Acute Pyelonephritis
--Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
--Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
--Nonbacterial Prostatitis
--Prostatodynia
--Acute Epididymitis
Urinary Stone Disease
Interstitial Cystitis
Male Erectile Dysfunction & Sexual Dysfunction
Male Infertility
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
24. Nervous System Disorders, Michael J. Aminoff & Geoffrey A. Kerchner
Headache
Facial Pain
Epilepsy
Dysautonomia
Sensory Disturbances
Weakness & Paralysis
Transient Ischemic Attacks
Stroke
Intracranial & Spinal Mass Lesions
Nonmetastatic Neurologic Complications of Malignant Disease
Pseudotumor Cerebri (Benign Intracranial Hypertension)Selected Neurocutaneous Diseases
Movement Disorders
Dementia
Multiple Sclerosis
Neuromyelitis Optica
Vitamin E Deficiency
Spasticity
Myelopathies in AIDS
Myelopathy of Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Infection
Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord
Wernicke Encephalopathy
Stupor & Coma
Head Injury
Spinal Trauma
Syringomyelia
Degenerative Motor Neuron Diseases
Peripheral Neuropathies
--Polyneuropathies & Mononeuritis Multiplex
--Nononeuropathies
--Bell Palsy
Discogenic Neck Pain
Brachial & Lumbar Plexus Lesions
Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission
Myopathic Disorders
Periodic Paralysis Syndromes
25. Psychiatric Disorders, Stuart J. Eisendrath & Jonathan E. Lichtmacher
Common Psychiatric Disorders
Substance Use Disorders (Drug Dependency, Drug Abuse)
Delirium, Dementia, & Other Cognitive Disorders (Formerly: Organic Brain Syndrome)
Psychiatric Problems Associated with Hospitalization & Illness
26. Endocrine Disorders, Paul A. Fitzgerald
Diseases of the Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland
Diseases of the Thyroid Gland
The Parathyroids
Metabolic Bone Disease
Diseases of the Adrenal Cortex
Pheochromocytoma & Paragenglioma
Pancreatic & Duodenal Neuroendocrine Tumors
Diseases of the Testes & Male Breast
Amenorrhea & Menopause
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
Clinical Use of Corticosteroids
27. Diabetes Mellitus & Hypoglycemia, Umesh Masharani
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetic Coma
the Hypoglycemic States
28. Lipid Disorders, Robert B. Baron
Lipoproteins & Atherogenesis
Lipid Fractions & the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
Therapeutic Effects of Lowering Cholesterol
Secondary Conditions that Affect Lipid Metabolism
Clinical Presentations
Screening for High Blood Cholesterol
Treatment of High Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
High Blood Triglycerides
29. Nutritional Disorders, Robert B. Baron
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
Obesity
Eating Disorders
Disorders of Vitamin Metabolism
Diet Therapy
Nutritional Support
30. Common Problems in Infectious Diseases & Antimicrobial Therapy, Peter V. Chin-Hong & B. Joseph Guglielmo
Common Problems in Infectious Diseases
--Fever of Unknown Origin
--Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient
--Hospital-Associated Infections
--Infections of the Central Nervous System
--Animal & Human Bite Wounds
--Sexually Transmitted Diseases
--Infections in Drug Users
--Acute Infectious Diarrhea
--Infectious Diseases in the Returning Traveler
--Traver's Diarrhea
Antimicrobial Therapy
--Selected Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
--Hypersensitivity Tests & Desensitization
Immunization Against Infectious Diseases
--Recommended Immunization of Infants, Children, and Adolescents
--Recommended Immunization for Adults
--Recommended Immunization for Travelers
--Vaccine Safety
31. HIV Infection & AIDS, Mitchell H. Katz & Andrew R. Zolopa
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Pathophysiology
Clinical Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Course & Prognosis
When to Refer
When to Admit
32. Viral & Rickettsial Infections, Wayne X. Shandera & Shruti Patel
Viral Diseases
--Human Herpesviruses
--Major-Vaccine-Preventable Viral Infections
--Other Neurotropic Viruses
--Other Systemic Viral Diseases
--Common Viral Respiratory Infections
--Adenovirus Infections
--Other Exanthematous Viral Infections
--Viruses & Gastroenteritis
--Enteroviruses that Produce Several Syndromes
Rickettsial Diseases
--Typhus Group
--Spotted Fevers
--Other Rickettsial & Rickettsial-Like Diseases
--Kawasaki Disease
33. Bacterial & Chlamydial Infections, Brian S. Schwartz
Infections Caused by Gram-Positive Bacteria
Infective Endocarditis
Infections Caused by Gram-Negative Bacteria
Actinomycosis
Nocardiosis
Infections Caused by Mycobacteria
Infections Caused by Chlamydiae
34. Spirochetal Infections, Susan S. Philip
Syphilis
Non-Sexually-Transmitted Treponematoses
Selected Spirochetal Diseases
--Relapsing Fever
--Rat-Bite Fever
Leptospirosis
Lyme Disease (Lyme Borreliosis)
35. Protozoal & Helminthic Infections, Philip J. Rosenthal
Protozoal Infections
--African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)
--American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)
--Leishmaniasis
--Malaria
--Babesiosis
--Toxoplasmosis
--Amebiasis
--Infections with Pathogenic Free-Living Amebas
--Coccidiosis (Cryptosporidiosis, Isosporiasis, Cyclosporiasis, Sarcocystosis) & Microsporidiosis
--Giardiasis
--Other Intestinal Flagellate Infections
--Trichomoniasis
Helminthic Infections
--Trematode (Fluke) Infections
--Liver, Lung, & Intestinal Flukes
--Cestode Infections
--Intestinal Nematode (Roundworm) Infections
--Invasive Nematode (Roundworm) Infections
--Filariasis
36. Mycotic Infections, Samuel A. Shelburne & Richard J. Hamill
Candidiasis
Histoplasmosis
Coccidioidomysosis
Pneumocystosis (Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia
Cryptococcosis
Aspergillosis
Mucormycosis
Blastomycosis
Paracoccidiodomycosis (South American Blastomycosis)
Sporotrichosis
Penicillium marneffei Infections
Chromoblastomycosis (Chromomycosis)
Mycetoma (Maduromycosis & Actinomycetoma)
Other Opportunistic Mold Infections
Antifungal Therapy
37. Disorders Related to Environmental Factors, Jacqueline A. Nemer
Cold & Heat
Burns
Electrical Injury
Radiation Exposure
Near Drowning
Other Disorders Related to Environmental Factors
38. Poisoning, Kent R. Olson
Initial Evaluation: Poisoning or Overdose
The Symptomatic Patient
Antidotes & Other Treatment
Diagnosis of Poisoning
Selected Poisonings
39. Cancer, Patricia A. Cornett & Tiffany O. Dea
Etiology
Modifiable Risk Factors
Staging
The Paraneoplastic Syndromes
Types of Cancer
--Lung Cancer
--Hepatobiliary Cancers
--Alimentary Tract Cancers
--Cancers of the Genitourinary Tract
Cancer Complications & Emergencies
Primary Cancer Treatment
--Systemic Cancer Therapy
--Toxicity & Doses Modification of Chemotherapeutic Agents
--Prognosis
40. Clinical Genetic Disorders, Reed E. Pyeritz
Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Alkaptonuria
Down Syndrome
Fragile X Mental Retardation
Gaucher Disease
Disorders of Homocysteine Metabolism
Klinefelter Syndrome
Marfan Syndrome
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
41. Complementary & Alternative Medicine, Kevin Barrows
Botanical Medicines
Dietary Supplements
Acupuncture
Mind-Body Medicine
Appendix: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring & Laboratory Reference Intervals, C. Diana Nicoll & Chuanyi Mark Lu
Index
ONLINE-ONLY CHAPTERS: www.AccessMedicine.com/CMDT
Anti-Infective Chemotherapeutic & Antibiotic Agents, B. Joseph Guglielmo
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Other ß-Lactam Drugs
Erythromycin Group (Macrolides)
Ketolides
Tetracycline Group
Glycylcyclines
Chloramphenicol
Aminoglycosides
Polymyxins
Antibuterculous Drugs
Alternative Drugs in Tuberculosis Treatment
Rifamycins
Sulfonamides & Antifolate Drugs
Sulfones Used in the Treatment of Leprosy
Specialized Drugs Used Against Bacteria
Streptogramins
Oxazolidinediones
Daptomycin
Telavancin
Quinolones
Pentamidine & Atovaquone
Urinary Antiseptics
Antifungal Drugs
Antiviral Chemotherapy
Diagnostic Testing & Medical Decision Making, C. Diana Nicoll, Michael Pignone, and Chuanyi Mark Lu
Benefits, Costs, & Risks
Performance of Diagnostic Tests
Test Characteristics
Use of Tests in Diagnosis & Management
Odds-Likelihood Ratios
Basic Genetics, Reed E. Byeritz
Introduction to Medical Genetics
--Genes & Chromosomes
--Mutation
--Genes in Individuals
--Genes in Families
--Disorders of Multifactorial Concern
--Chromosomal Aberrations
The Techniques of Medical Genetics
--Family History & Pedigree Analysis
--Cytogenetics
--Biochemical Genetics
--DNA Analysis
--Prenatal Diagnosis<
br>--Neoplasia: Chromosomal & DNA Analysis
Information Technology in Patient Care, Russ Cucina
Clinical Uses of E-mail
Electronic Medical Records
Computerized Provider Order Entry
Clinical Decision Support Systems
Web Sites & Online Health-Related Forums
Mobile Computing for Clinicians
Telemedicine
Sports Medicine & Outpatient Orthopedics, Anthony Luke & C. Benjamin Ma
General Approach to Musculoskeletal Injuries
Shoulder
--Subacromial Impingement Syndrome
--Rotator Cuff Tears
--Shoulder Dislocation & Instability
--Adhesive Capsulitis ("Frozen Shoulder")
Spine Problems
Low Back Pain
--Spinal Stenosis
--Lumbar Disk Herniation
--Neck Pain
Upper Extremity
--Lateral & Medial Epicondylosis
--Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Hip
--Hip Fractures
Knee
--Knee Pain
--Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury
--Collateral Ligament Injury
--Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)Injury
--Meniscus Injuries
--Patellofemoral Pain
Ankle Injuries
--Inversion Ankle Sprains
--Eversion ("High") Ankle Sprains
Knee & Hip
Osteoarthritis