Smith's Textbook of Endourology

Arthur D. Smith MD, Chief Emeritus, Arthur Smith Institute of Urology, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, New Hyde Park, NY, USA Glenn Preminger, Professor of Urology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA Gopal Badlani, Professor of Urology, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Louis Kavoussi, Chairman of Urology, Arthur Smith Institute of Urology, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, New Hyde Park, NY, USA

Foreword, xii
Preface, xiii


Contributors, xv


VOLUME I


SECTION 1: BASIC PRINCIPLES


1 Care and Sterilization of Instruments, 3
Carol Olsen


2 How to Protect Patients and Personnel from Radiation, 10
John G. Mancini & Michael N. Ferrandino


3 Video Imaging and Documentation, 19
Michael E. Lipkin, Charles D. Scales Jr, & Glenn M. Preminger


4 Preoperative Antibiotics and Prevention of Sepsis in Genitourinary Surgery, 38
Jorge Gutierrez-Aceves, Oscar Negrete-Pulido & Pedro Avila-Herrera


5 Management of Anticoagulation Therapy in Endoscopic and Laparoscopic Urologic Surgery, 53
Michael Poch & George E. Haleblian


SECTION 2: PERCUTANEOUS RENAL SURGERY


Part 1: Preoperative Considerations


6 Surgical Anatomy of the Kidney in the Prone, Oblique, and Supine Positions, 63
Francisco J. B. Sampaio


7 Pathophysiology of Urinary Tract Obstruction, 95
Frederick A. Gulmi & Diane Felsen


8 Special Anesthetic Considerations for Endourology: Ureteroscopy and Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, 120
Sarah G. Bodin & Angela F. Edwards


9 Organizing the Operating Room for Percutaneous and Ureteroscopic Procedures and Laparoscopy, 135
Ravindra B. Sabnis & Shashikant Mishra, 135


Part 2: Patient Positioning for Percutaneous Access


10 Patient Positioning for Supine Access, 146
Jose Gabriel Valdivia-Uria


11 Prone, Lateral, and Flexed: Patient Positioning for Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, 152
A. Andrew Ray & R. John D A. Honey


Part 3: Imaging for Access


12 Percutaneous Renal Access Under Ultrasound Control, 173
Mahesh R. Desai & Arvind P. Ganpule


13 Percutaneous Renal Access Under Fluoroscopic Control, 180
Norberto O. Bernardo


14 Computed Tomography for Percutaneous Renal Access, 189
Khurshid R. Ghani, Uday Patel & Ken Anson


15 Endoscopic Guidance for Percutaneous Renal Access, 200
Michael K. Louie & Elspeth M. McDougall


Part 4: Selection of Access and Dilation


16 Upper Calyx Access for Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, 206
Davis P. Viprakasit & Nicole L. Miller


17 Percutaneous Renal Access without Image Guidance, 214
Arvin K. George & Arthur D. Smith


18 Retrograde Access for Percutaneous Renal Surgery, 219
Burak Turna & Robert J. Stein


19 Percutaneous Renal Surgery Selection of Access: Robotic, 227
Michelle Jo Semins, Dan Stoianovici & Brian R. Matlaga


20 Dilation of the Nephrostomy Tract, 232
Petar Erdeljan & Hassan Razvi


Part 5: Stone Removal


21 Rigid and Flexible Nephroscopy, 240
Mantu Gupta & Hiroshi Katsumi


22 Percutaneous Treatment of Ureteral Stones, 253
Oscar Schatloff, Amir Cooper & Yoram I. Siegel


23 Special Problems with Staghorn Calculi, 260
Kevan M. Sternberg & Timothy D. Averch


24 Percutaneous Lithotripsy and Stone Extraction, 268
Michael S. Lasser & Gyan Pareek


Part 6: Other Uses of Nephrostomy Access


25 Percutaneous Treatment of Calyceal Diverticula, Infundibular Stenosis, and Simple Renal Cysts, 277
Amy E. Krambeck & James E. Lingeman


26 Percutaneous Instillation of Chemolytic, Chemotherapeutic, and Antifungal Agents, 290
Mohamed A. Elkoushy, Philippe D. Violette & Sero Andonian


27 Percutaneous Treatment of Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction, 310
Paul J. Van Cangh


28 Percutaneous Management of Upper Urinary Tract Transitional Cell Carcinoma, 316
Jonathan J. Rhee & Thomas W. Jarrett


Part 7: Exit Strategy and Complications


29 Exit Strategy After Percutaneous Renal Surgery: Drainage and Hemostasis, 326
Arun K. Srinivasan, Zeph Okeke & Arthur D. Smith


30 Hemorrhagic Complications Associated with Renal Surgery, 334
Ardeshir R. Rastinehad, Sero Andonian, & David N. Siegel


31 Diagnosis and Management of Thoracic Complications of Percutaneous Renal Surgery, 340
Jennifer Yates & Ravi Munver


32 Bowel and Other Organ Injury during Percutaneous Renal Surgery, 349
Saeed Al-Qahtani & Olivier Traxer


SECTION 3: URETEROSCOPY


Part 1: General Principles


33 Ureteral Anatomy, 357
Dorit E. Zilberman


34 Rigid and Flexible Ureteroscopes: Technical Features, 365
David A. Payne & Francis X. Keeley, Jr


35 Ureteroscopy Working Instruments, 388
Renato N. Pedro & Manoj Monga


36 Access to the Ureter: Rigid Ureteroscopy, 395
Fernando C. Delvecchio


37 Access to the Ureter: Flexible Ureteroscopy, 402
Ojas Shah & Elias Hyams


38 Ureteroscopic Management of Ureteral Calculi, 412
Gautam Jayram & Glenn S. Gerber


39 Ureteroscopic Management of Renal Calculi, 418
Sven Lahme


40 Diagnostic Ureteroscopy, 429
Michael J. Conlin


41 Ureteroscopic Diagnosis and Treatment of Upper Urinary Tract Neoplasms, 436
Demetrius H. Bagley


Part 2: Ureteroscopic Management of Ureteral Obstruction


42 Retrograde Ureteroscopic Endopyelotomy for Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction, 453
Ugur Boylu & Raju Thomas


43 Mid-Ureteral Obstruction, 461
Mrinal Dhar & Michael Grasso


44 Distal Ureteral Strictures, 472
Amin S. Herati & Mohamed A. Atalla


45 Endoscopic Management of Ureteroenteric Strictures, 481
Davis P. Viprakasit & S. Duke Herrell


46 Ureteroscopy: Ureteral Stents and Postoperative Care, 495
Ben H. Chew & Ryan F. Paterson


47 Ureteroscopy Complications, 506
Petrisor Geavlete


48 Ureteroscopy into the Future: Robotic Ureteroscopy, 519
Monish Aron


SECTION 4: SHOCK-WAVE LITHOTRIPSY


49 Physics of Shock-Wave Lithotripsy, 529
Robin O. Cleveland & James A. McAteer


50 Lithotripsy Systems, 559
Geert G. Tailly


51 Shock-Wave Treatment of Renal Calculi, 576
Hans-Goeran Tiselius


52 Shock-Wave Lithotripsy of Ureteral Calculi, 598
Damien M. Bolton & Anthony Ta


53 Complications of Shock-Wave Lithotripsy, 612
Fang Jann Lee & Yeh Hong Tan


SECTION 5: STONE MANAGEMENT IN UROLOGY


Part 1: General Principles


54 Natural History of Stones, 625
Michael G. Santomauro & Brian K. Auge


55 Initial Choice of Therapy in the Urinary Stone Patient, 634
Peter L. Steinberg & David M. Hoenig


56 Management of Urolithiasis during Pregnancy, 644
Petar Erdeljan & John D. Denstedt


57 Management of Stones in Obesity, 654
OEmer Levent Tuncay, Cenk Acar & Saadettin Eskicorapci


58 Management of Residual Stone Fragments, 662
Andreas Skolarikos


59 Management of Renal Colic and Triage in the Emergency Room, 675
Marius Cloete Conradie


60 Anesthesia for the Endourologic Management of Stone Disease, 688
John Di Capua, Harold Kim, Kenneth Cordero & Beatrice Saldana Ferretti


Part 2: Management of Stones in Abnormal Situations


61 Horseshoe Kidney, 702
Wan Wan Yap, Tze Wah & Adrian D. Joyce


62 Associated Conditions and Treatment of the Pelvic Kidney, 707
Nadya M. Cinman, Zeph Okeke & Arthur D. Smith


63 Management of Stone Disease in Renal Transplant Kidneys, 716
Ali Riza Kural & Can OEbek


64 Stones in Urinary Diversions: Causes and Treatment, 725
Zeph Okeke, Zhamshid Okhunov & Arthur D. Smith


65 Management of Pediatric Stone Disease: Endourologic Techniques, 735
Marc C. Smaldone, Daniel P. Casella & Michael C. Ost


Part 3: Cost-Effectiveness and Long-Term Stenting


66 Cost-Effective Strategies for Management of Renal and Ureteral Calculi, 756
Sara Best, Yair Lotan & Margaret S. Pearle


67 Long-Term Stenting of the Ureter, 772
Evangelos Liatsikos, Panagiotis Kallidonis, Dimitrios Karnabatidis & Theodoros Petsas


Index to Volumes I and II


VOLUME II


SECTION 6: LAPAROSCOPY AND ROBOTIC SURGERY


Part 1: General Principles


68 Patient Preparation and Operating Room Set-up for Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery, 785
Sarah P. Conley & Benjamin R. Lee


69 Anesthetic Considerations during Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery, 793
Alan Butler, Kenneth Cordero & John Di Capua


70 Pneumoperitoneum: Physiologic Effects, 811
Jay D. Raman & Jeffrey A. Cadeddu


Part 2: Instrumentation and Access


71 Laparoscopy: Basic Instrumentation, 827
Khaled Shahrour & Stephen V. Jackman


72 Robotic Surgery: Basic Instrumentation and Troubleshooting, 843
Wooju Jeong, Firas Petros & Craig Rogers


73 Minimally Invasive Urologic Reconstructive Techniques: Suture, Staple, and Clip Technology, 848
Michael J. Schwartz


74 Obtaining Access: Transperitoneal Approach and Trocar Placement, 858
Debora K. Moore, John C. Coleman & Robert G. Moore


75 Retroperitoneal Access, 874
Ali Moinzadeh


76 Basic Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Techniques, 878
J. Stuart Wolf Jr


Part 3: Laparoscopy and Robotics in Adults


77 Pelvic Lymphadenectomy, 893
Steven M. Lucas & Chandru P. Sundaram


78 Endoscopic Subcutaneous Modified Inguinal Lymph Node Dissection for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis, 917
Jay T. Bishoff


79 Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection, 924
Thomas J. Guzzo & Mohamad E. Allaf


80 Laparoscopic Varicocelectomy, 932
Duong Tu & Kenneth I. Glassberg


81 Renal Surgery for Benign Disease, 940
Sean P. Hedican & Stephen Y. Nakada


82 Laparoscopic Living Donor Nephrectomy, 992
Jonathan D. Harper, Alberto Breda & Peter G. Schulam


83 Renal Surgery for Malignant Disease: Radical Nephrectomy and Nephroureterectomy, 1000
Ben R. McHone, Thomas W. Jarrett & Peter A. Pinto


84 Renal Surgery for Malignant Disease: Nephron-Sparing Surgery, 1014
Pascal Zehnder, Manuel S. Eisenberg & Inderbir S. Gill


85 Laparoscopic and Robotic Adrenalectomy, 1025
Daniel Yong, Matvey Tsivian & David M. Albala


86 Laparoscopic and Robotic Reconstructive Surgery of the Ureter, 1036
Ioannis Varkarakis


87 Laparoscopic and Robotic Techniques for the Management of Pelvic Organ Prolapse, 1060
Courtenay K. Moore & Raymond R. Rackley


88 Laparoscopic and Robotic Techniques for Repair of Female Genitourinary Fistulas, 1068
Lalgudi N. Dorairajan & Ashok K. Hemal


89 Laparoscopic and Robotic Bladder Surgery, 1079
Koon Ho Rha, Enrique Ian S. Lorenzo & Cheol Kyu Oh


90 Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy, 1094
Jens Rassweiler, Giovannalberto Pini, Marcel Hruza, Ali Serdar Goezen & Dogu Teber


91 Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy, 1119
Jason Y. Lee, Douglas W. Skarecky & Thomas E. Ahlering


92 Optimizing Outcomes During Laparoscopic and Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Oncologic Concerns, Potency, and Continence, 1135
Daniel Willis & Li-Ming Su


93 Minimally Invasive Simple Prostatectomy, 1147
Matthew H. Hayn & Khurshid A. Guru


94 Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery of the Seminal Vesicles, 1152
James C. Brien & Michael D. Fabrizio


95 Laparoscopic Abdominal Wall Hernias: Incisional, Parastomal, and Inguinal Hernia Repairs, 1160
Thai T. Nguyen & Howard N. Winfi eld


Part 4: Laparoscopy and Robotics in Children


96 Laparoscopic and Robotic Pyeloplasty in Children, 1179
Craig A. Peters


97 Pediatric Laparoscopic and Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Renal Surgery, 1188
Brian A. VanderBrink & Michael C. Ost


98 Minimally Invasive Techniques in Lower Urinary Tract Reconstruction, 1201
Arun Srinivasan, Gianmarco Isgro & Salvatore Micali


99 Laparoscopic Management of the Undescended Testicle, 1208
Lane S. Palmer


Part 5: Exit Strategy and Complications


100 Laparoscopic Exit: Specimen Removal, Closure, and Drainage, 1219
Ricardo A. Natalin, Jaime Landman & Adam C. Mues


101 Complications in Urologic Laparoscopy, 1230
David Canes, Camilo Giedelman & Rene Sotelo


Part 6: LESS and NOTES


102 LESS and NOTES: History and Introduction, 1241
Pradeep P. Rao & Prashanth P. Rao


103 NOTES: Instruments, Platforms, and Endoscopes, 1248
Mark D. Sawyer & Lee E. Ponsky


104 NOTES: Access and Exit, 1258
Candace F. Granberg & Matthew T. Gettman


105 NOTES: Clinical Experience in Urology, 1266
Geoffery N. Box


106 Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Surgery: Ports, Access, and Instrumentation, 1274
Michael A. White & Jihad H. Kaouk


107 Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Upper Tract Surgery, 1283
Soroush Rais-Bahrami, Abhay Rane & Lee Richstone


108 Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Lower Tract Surgery, 1292
Mihir M. Desai


SECTION 7: IMAGE-GUIDED DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPEUTICS


Part 1: Upper Tract


109 Radiologic Diagnosis of Renal Masses, 1299
Gail S. Smith, Carolyn K. Donaldson & Richard M. Gore


110 Renal Mass Biopsy, 1327
Kurdo Barwari, M.Pilar Laguna & Jean de la Rosette


111 Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation of Kidney Tumors, 1342
Obi Ekwenna, Rajan Ramanathan & Raymond J. Leveillee


112 Percutaneous Cryoablation for Renal Tumors, 1358
Manish A. Vira


Part 2: Lower Tract


113 Image-Guided Prostate Brachytherapy, 1371
Louis Potters & Lucille Lee


114 Image-Guided External Beam Radiotherapy, 1376
Lucille Lee & Louis Potters


115 High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound of the Prostate, 1393
Christian G. Chaussy & Stefan Thuroff


116 Cryotherapy of the Prostate, 1406
Matvey Tsivian & Thomas J. Polascik


117 Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Urology, 1416
Bastiaan Brand, Jean de la Rosette & Hessel Wijkstra


118 Endorectal MRI: Use in Prostate Cancer, 1425
Abhishek Srivastava, Sonal Grover, Prasanna Sooriakumaran & Ashutosh Tewari


Part 3: Angioembolization of the Urinary Tract


119 Angioembolization in Urology, 1438
Ardeshir R. Rastinehad, Peter A. Pinto & David N. Siegel


SECTION 8: LOWER URINARY TRACT


Part 1: Assessment of Voiding Dysfunction/Prostate


120 Assessment of Outfl ow Obstruction and Sphincteric Incontinence in Men: A Urodynamic and Fluoroscopic Perspective, 1451
Hiroshi Katsumi, Matthew P. Rutman & Jerry G. Blaivas


121 Offi ce-Based Cystoscopy: Continued Advances, 1463
Judson D. Davies & Sam S. Chang


Part 2: Offi ce/Ambulatory Set-up for Minimally Invasive Treatment of the Prostate


122 Equipment Set-up and Patient Handouts, 1468
Mayank Mohan Agarwal, Crystal R. Combs & Gopal H. Badlani


123 Local Anesthesia for Minimally Invasive Treatment of the Prostate in the Offi ce Setting, 1481
Jay Hollander & Damon Dyche


Part 3: Offi ce-Based Treatment for the Prostate


124 Microwave Therapy, 1490
Stavros Gravas


125 Transurethral Needle Ablation of the Prostate, 1503
Alexandre R. Zlotta & Cynthia Kuk


126 Prostate Laser Vaporization Using the 980-nm Laser System, 1522
James C. Ulchaker


Part 4: Day Operative Procedures for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia


127 Holmium Laser Therapy of the Prostate, 1526
Hazem M. Elmansy & Mostafa M. Elhilali


128 532-nm High-Power Transurethral Laser Prostatectomy, 1536
Bilal Chughtai, Melissa Laudano, Richard Lee & Alexis E. Te


129 Thulium Lasers, 1548
Andreas J. Gross


130 Interstitial Laser Therapy, 1558
Rolf Muschter


Part 5: Ablation of the Prostate


131 Electrosurgery of the Prostate: Improvements in Electrosurgical Unit, Transurethral Vaporization of the Prostate, and Bipolar Resection, 1575
Ranan DasGupta & Anup Patel


132 Monopolar Energy, 1592
Madhu S. Agrawal, Himanshu Yadav & Mayank Agarwal


133 Bipolar Resection, 1602
Jaspreet S. Sandhu


134 Bipolar Vaporization of the Prostate, 1610
Kyle A. Richards & Gopal H. Badlani


Part 6: Intra- and Trans-vesical Procedures


135 Single-Port Transvesical Simple Prostatectomy, 1617
Rene Sotelo, Camilo Giedelman & Mihir Desai


136 Bladder Injections for Refractory Overactive Bladder, 1625
Mehrdad Alemozaffar & Anurag K. Das


137 STING Procedure for Refl ux, 1633
Steve J. Hodges


138 Minimally Invasive Therapy for Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome, 1640
Sylvia Montag & Robert Moldwin


Part 7: Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Approach to Strictures


139 Incision: Endoscopic Management of Urethral Stenoses, 1650
Jeremy B. Tonkin, Kurt A. McCammon & Gerald H. Jordan


140 Bladder Neck Contracture Following Radical Prostatectomy, 1661
Timothy B. Boone


Part 8: Incontinence


141 Bioinjectables for SUI (Stress Urinary Incontinence), 1666
John J. Smith III & Simone Crivellaro


142 Single-Incision Slings, 1672
Michael J. Kennelly & Erinn Myers


143 Mid-Urethral Slings for the Treatment of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence, 1684
Eva Fong, Sagar Shah & Victor Nitti


144 Maxi/Pubovaginal Sling, 1699
Bhavin Patel & Gopal Badlani


145 Mesh Kits for Vaginal Prolapse Surgery, 1706
G. Willy Davila


146 Male Slings for Treatment of Post-Prostatectomy Incontinence, 1714
Ajay Nehra & E. Fred McPhail


Index to Volumes I and II