Malignant Liver Tumors

Editor-in-Chief: Pierre-Alain Clavien Department of Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland Associate Editors: Tadatoshi Takayama , Second Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan CM Lo , Liver Transplant Centre, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong R. Chari , Associate Professor of Surgery and Cancer Biology, Division Chief of Hepatobillary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Staff Surgeon, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA M. Morse , Associate Professor, Duke University Medical School, Durham, USA J. Llovet , Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

Contributors, vii Preface, xi Acknowledgments, xiii Abbreviations, xiv Section 1 Introduction, 1 1 From Promethean to Modern Times, 3 Kuno Lehmann, Stefan Breitenstein, and Pierre-Alain Clavien 2 Hepatic Anatomy and Terminology, 11 Steven M. Strasberg Section 2 Epidemiology and Diagnosis, 27 Introduction, 29 Chung-Mau Lo 3 Histology and Pathology of Normal and Diseased Liver, 30 Valerie Paradis and Achim Weber 4 Pathology of Primary and Secondary Malignant Liver Tumors, 40 Kay Washington 5 Epidemiology, Etiology, and Natural History of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, 52 Wei-Chen Lee and Miin-Fu Chen 6 Epidemiology, Etiology, and Natural History of Cholangiocarcinoma, 56 Peter Neuhaus, Ulf P. Neumann, and Daniel Seehofer 7 Epidemiology, Etiology, and Natural History of Colorectal Liver Metastases, 64 Robert J. Porte 8 Tumor Markers in Primary and Secondary Liver Tumors, 69 Ketsia B. Pierre and Ravi S. Chari 9 Modalities for Imaging Liver Tumors, 76 Dominik Weishaupt and Thomas F. Hany Section 3 Systemic and Regional Therapies, 103 Introduction, 105 Ravi S. Chari 10 Systemic Treatment of Hepatobiliary Tumors, 107 Panagiotis Samaras, Michael A. Morse, and Bernhard C. Pestalozzi 11 External Beam Radiation Therapy for Liver Tumors, 122 Rakesh Reddy and A. Bapsi Chakravarthy 12 Internal Radiation Therapy for Liver Tumors, 131 Ahsun Riaz, Laura Kulik, Michael Abecassis, and Riad Salem 13 Transarterial Embolization for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma, 139 Jordi Bruix, Carmen Ayuso, and Maria I. Real 14 Selective Continuous Intra-arterial Chemotherapy for Liver Tumors, 151 Fidel D. Huitzil-Melendez, Stefan Breitenstein, and Nancy Kemeny 15 Isolated Hepatic Perfusion and Percutaneous Hepatic Perfusion, 164 Charles K. Heller, III, James F. Pingpank, and Steven K. Libutti Section 4 Resection, Ablation or Transplantation for Liver Tumors, 173 Introduction, 175 Jean-Nicolas Vauthey and Tadatoshi Takayama 16 Liver Resection of Primary Tumors: Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Cholangiocarcinoma, and Gallbladder Cancer, 177 Tadatoshi Takayama and Masatoshi Makuuchi 17 Liver Resection of Colorectal Liver Metastases, 192 Daria Zorzi, Yun Shin Chun, and Jean-Nicolas Vauthey 18 Laparoscopic Liver Resection, 203 Luca Vigano and Daniel Cherqui 19 Repeat Resection for Liver Tumors, 216 Mickael Lesurtel and Henrik Petrowsky 20 Cryoablation of Liver Tumors, 227 Sivakumar Gananadha and David L. Morris 21 Thermal Ablation of Liver Tumors by Radiofrequency, Microwave, and Laser Therapy, 244 M. B. Majella Doyle and David C. Linehan 22 Ethanol and Other Percutaneous Injection Modalities in the Treatment of Liver Tumors, 266 Michael A. Heneghan and Andrew D. Yeoman 23 Transplantation for Liver Tumors, 281 Francois Durand, Claire Francoz, and Jacques Belghiti 24 Preventing Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Curative Resection, 296 Stefan Breitenstein, Dimitris Dimitroulis, and Beat Mullhaupt Section 5 Guidelines for Liver Tumor Treatment, 305 Introduction, 307 Stefan Breitenstein and Pierre-Alain Clavien 25 Strategies for Safer Liver Surgery, 308 Philipp Dutkowski, Olivier de Rougemont, and Pierre-Alain Clavien 26 Hepatocellular Carcinoma, 317 Tadatoshi Takayama 27 Cholangiocarcinoma, 324 Jacques Belghiti and Charles B. Rosen 28 Gallbladder Cancer, 333 Juan Hepp and Chung-Mau Lo 29 Colorectal Liver Metastases, 342 Phuong L. Doan, Jean-Nicolas Vauthey, Martin Palavecino, and Michael A. Morse Section 6 Emerging Therapies, 347 Introduction, 349 Michael A. Morse and Josep M. Llovet 30 Viral-Based Therapies for Primary and Secondary Liver Cancer, 352 Menghua Dai, Lorena Gonzalez, and Yuman Fong 31 Signaling Pathways and Rationale for Molecular Therapies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma, 368 Augusto Villanueva, Clara Alsinet, and Josep M. Llovet 32 Novel Therapies Targeted at Signal Transduction in Liver Tumors, 382 Fidel D. Huitzil-Melendez, Ghassan K. Abou-Alfa, and Michael A. Morse 33 Induction of Apoptosis in Liver Tumors, 393 Markus Selzner and Pierre-Alain Clavien 34 Antiangiogenic Agents for Liver Tumors, 400 Mathijs Vogten, Emile E. Voest, and Inne H.M. Borel Rinkes 35 Integrative Oncology: Alternative and Complementary Treatments, 414 Barrie R. Cassileth and Jyothirmai Gubili Section 7 Special Tumors, Population, and Special Considerations, 421 Introduction, 423 Stefan Breitenstein and Pierre-Alain Clavien 36 Liver Metastases from Endocrine Tumors, 424 Clayton D. Knox and C. Wright Pinson 37 Uncommon Primary and Metastatic Liver Tumors, 439 Stefan Breitenstein, Ashraf Mohammad El-Badry, and Pierre-Alain Clavien 38 Liver Tumors in Special Populations, 454 Tadahiro Uemura, Akhtar Khan, and Zakiyah Kadry 39 Malignant Liver Tumors in Children, 475 Xavier Rogiers and Ruth De Bruyne 40 Liver Tumors in Asia, 487 Norihiro Kokudo, Sumihito Tamura, and Masatoshi Makuuchi 41 Liver Tumors in South America, 500 Lucas McCormack and Eduardo de Santibanes 42 Liver Tumors in Africa, 509 Michael C. Kew 43 Anesthetic Management of Liver Surgery, 519 Marco P. Zalunardo 44 Qualitative and Economic Aspects of Liver Surgery, 531 Rene Vonlanthen, Ksenija Slankamenac, and Christian Ernst Index, 539