Malignant Liver Tumors

Editor-in-Chief: Pierre-Alain Clavien Department of Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland Associate Editors: Tadatoshi Takayama, Second Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan CM Lo, Liver Transplant Centre, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong R. Chari, Associate Professor of Surgery and Cancer Biology, Division Chief of Hepatobillary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Staff Surgeon, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA M. Morse, Associate Professor, Duke University Medical School, Durham, USA J. Llovet, Barcelona-Clínic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

Contributors, vii Preface, xi

Acknowledgments, xiii

Abbreviations, xiv

Section 1 Introduction, 1

1 From Promethean to Modern Times, 3
Kuno Lehmann, Stefan Breitenstein, and Pierre-Alain Clavien

2 Hepatic Anatomy and Terminology, 11
Steven M. Strasberg

Section 2 Epidemiology and Diagnosis, 27

Introduction, 29
Chung-Mau Lo

3 Histology and Pathology of Normal and Diseased Liver, 30
Valérie Paradis and Achim Weber

4 Pathology of Primary and Secondary Malignant Liver Tumors, 40
Kay Washington

5 Epidemiology, Etiology, and Natural History of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, 52
Wei-Chen Lee and Miin-Fu Chen

6 Epidemiology, Etiology, and Natural History of Cholangiocarcinoma, 56
Peter Neuhaus, Ulf P. Neumann, and Daniel Seehofer

7 Epidemiology, Etiology, and Natural History of Colorectal Liver Metastases, 64
Robert J. Porte

8 Tumor Markers in Primary and Secondary Liver Tumors, 69
Ketsia B. Pierre and Ravi S. Chari

9 Modalities for Imaging Liver Tumors, 76
Dominik Weishaupt and Thomas F. Hany

Section 3 Systemic and Regional Therapies, 103

Introduction, 105
Ravi S. Chari

10 Systemic Treatment of Hepatobiliary Tumors, 107
Panagiotis Samaras, Michael A. Morse, and Bernhard C. Pestalozzi

11 External Beam Radiation Therapy for Liver Tumors, 122
Rakesh Reddy and A. Bapsi Chakravarthy

12 Internal Radiation Therapy for Liver Tumors, 131
Ahsun Riaz, Laura Kulik, Michael Abecassis, and Riad Salem

13 Transarterial Embolization for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma, 139
Jordi Bruix, Carmen Ayuso, and Maria I. Real

14 Selective Continuous Intra-arterial Chemotherapy for Liver Tumors, 151
Fidel D. Huitzil-Melendez, Stefan Breitenstein, and Nancy Kemeny

15 Isolated Hepatic Perfusion and Percutaneous Hepatic Perfusion, 164
Charles K. Heller, III, James F. Pingpank, and Steven K. Libutti

Section 4 Resection, Ablation or Transplantation for Liver Tumors, 173

Introduction, 175
Jean-Nicolas Vauthey and Tadatoshi Takayama

16 Liver Resection of Primary Tumors: Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Cholangiocarcinoma, and Gallbladder Cancer, 177
Tadatoshi Takayama and Masatoshi Makuuchi

17 Liver Resection of Colorectal Liver Metastases, 192
Daria Zorzi, Yun Shin Chun, and Jean-Nicolas Vauthey

18 Laparoscopic Liver Resection, 203
Luca Viganò and Daniel Cherqui

19 Repeat Resection for Liver Tumors, 216
Mickael Lesurtel and Henrik Petrowsky

20 Cryoablation of Liver Tumors, 227
Sivakumar Gananadha and David L. Morris

21 Thermal Ablation of Liver Tumors by Radiofrequency, Microwave, and Laser Therapy, 244
M. B. Majella Doyle and David C. Linehan

22 Ethanol and Other Percutaneous Injection Modalities in the Treatment of Liver Tumors, 266
Michael A. Heneghan and Andrew D. Yeoman

23 Transplantation for Liver Tumors, 281
François Durand, Claire Francoz, and Jacques Belghiti

24 Preventing Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Curative Resection, 296
Stefan Breitenstein, Dimitris Dimitroulis, and Beat Müllhaupt

Section 5 Guidelines for Liver Tumor Treatment, 305

Introduction, 307
Stefan Breitenstein and Pierre-Alain Clavien

25 Strategies for Safer Liver Surgery, 308
Philipp Dutkowski, Olivier de Rougemont, and Pierre-Alain Clavien

26 Hepatocellular Carcinoma, 317
Tadatoshi Takayama

27 Cholangiocarcinoma, 324
Jacques Belghiti and Charles B. Rosen

28 Gallbladder Cancer, 333
Juan Hepp and Chung-Mau Lo

29 Colorectal Liver Metastases, 342
Phuong L. Doan, Jean-Nicolas Vauthey, Martin Palavecino, and Michael A. Morse

Section 6 Emerging Therapies, 347

Introduction, 349
Michael A. Morse and Josep M. Llovet

30 Viral-Based Therapies for Primary and Secondary Liver Cancer, 352
Menghua Dai, Lorena Gonzalez, and Yuman Fong

31 Signaling Pathways and Rationale for Molecular Therapies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma, 368
Augusto Villanueva, Clara Alsinet, and Josep M. Llovet

32 Novel Therapies Targeted at Signal Transduction in Liver Tumors, 382
Fidel D. Huitzil-Melendez, Ghassan K. Abou-Alfa, and Michael A. Morse

33 Induction of Apoptosis in Liver Tumors, 393
Markus Selzner and Pierre-Alain Clavien

34 Antiangiogenic Agents for Liver Tumors, 400
Mathijs Vogten, Emile E. Voest, and Inne H.M. Borel Rinkes

35 Integrative Oncology: Alternative and Complementary Treatments, 414
Barrie R. Cassileth and Jyothirmai Gubili

Section 7 Special Tumors, Population, and Special Considerations, 421

Introduction, 423
Stefan Breitenstein and Pierre-Alain Clavien

36 Liver Metastases from Endocrine Tumors, 424
Clayton D. Knox and C. Wright Pinson

37 Uncommon Primary and Metastatic Liver Tumors, 439
Stefan Breitenstein, Ashraf Mohammad El-Badry, and Pierre-Alain Clavien

38 Liver Tumors in Special Populations, 454
Tadahiro Uemura, Akhtar Khan, and Zakiyah Kadry

39 Malignant Liver Tumors in Children, 475
Xavier Rogiers and Ruth De Bruyne

40 Liver Tumors in Asia, 487
Norihiro Kokudo, Sumihito Tamura, and Masatoshi Makuuchi

41 Liver Tumors in South America, 500
Lucas McCormack and Eduardo de Santibañes

42 Liver Tumors in Africa, 509
Michael C. Kew

43 Anesthetic Management of Liver Surgery, 519
Marco P. Zalunardo

44 Qualitative and Economic Aspects of Liver Surgery, 531
René Vonlanthen, Ksenija Slankamenac, and Christian Ernst

Index, 539