The Biology of Glycoproteins

1 Integral Membrane Glycoproteins in Cell-Cell and Cell-Substratum Adhesion.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cell-Cell Adhesion.- 2.1. Adhesion Glycoproteins Discovered Using Antibodies to Perturb the Adhesion Process.- 2.2. Calcium and Cellular Aggregation.- 2.3. Summing Up Data on Cell-Cell Adhesion.- 3. Cell-Substratum Adhesion.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Cell Surface Receptors for Matrix Molecules.- 3.3. Looking to the Future.- 3.4. Relationships between Cell-Cell and Cell-Subtraetian Adhesion.- References.- 2 Attachment Proteins and Their Role in Extracellular Matrices.- 1. Composition and Structure of Extracellular Matrices.- 1.1. Collagen.- 1.2. Proteoglycans.- 1.3. Glycoproteins.- 1.4. Specificity and Structure of Extracellular Matrices.- 2. Cell Interactions with Collagen.- 3. Role of Extracellular Matrix and Attachment Proteins in Development.- 4. Attachment Proteins in Pathological Conditions.- 5. Summary.- References.- 3 Role of Glycoproteins during Early Mammalian Embryogenesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Role of Glycoproteins during Ferilization.- 2.1. Cervical Mucin Changes during Estrus.- 2.2. Sperm Cell Surface Determinants.- 2.3. The Zona Pellucida.- 3. Role of Glycoproteins during Preimplantation Development.- 3.1. The Cellular Interactions That May Direct Early Development.- 3.2. Teratocarcinomas as a Model System for Early Embryogenesis.- 3.3. Programmed Changes in Glycoprotein Expression during Preimplantation Development.- 3.4. Role of Glycoproteins during Early Embryonic Development.- 4. Regulation of Glycoprotein Biosynthesis in Early Embryonic Cells.- 4.1. Carbohydrates Characteristic of Early Embryonic Cells.- 4.2. Programmed Changes in Carbohydrate Expression during Early Embryogenesis.- 4.3. Mechanisms That Regulate'the Expression of Glycoprotein Determinants.- 4.4. Proposed Functional Involvement of These Embryonic Glycans.- 5. Formation of Endoderm and Assembly of Early Basement Membranes.- 5.1. The Cellular Interactions That May Direct Endoderm Formation.- 5.2. Biochemical and Biological Changes That Accompany Endoderm Formation.- 5.3. Programmed Assembly of Basement Membrane Components.- 5.4. Assembly of Basement Membrane Components by Endodermal Cultures.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 4 Cell Surface Glycoproteins and Carbohydrate Antigens in Development and Differentiation of Human Erythroid Cells Minoru Fukuda.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cell Surface Glycoproteins and Carbohydrate Structure of Mature Erythrocytes.- 2.1. Two Types of Membrane Proteins (Extrinsic and Intrinsic Proteins).- 2.2. Labeling of Cell Surface Carbohydrates.- 2.3. Endo-?-galactosidase.- 2.4. Lactosaminoglycan.- 2.5. Two Types of Glycoproteins with Distinct Functions and Organization.- 3. Developmental Changes in Carbohydrate Structure.- 3.1. Ii Antigens.- 3.2. Developmental Changes in Lactosaminoglycan.- 4. Changes in Cell Surface Glycoproteins and Carbohydrate Antigens during Erythropoiesis.- 4.1. Erythropoiesis-A Model for Differentiation.- 4.2. Cell Surface Glycoproteins and Carbohydrate Structures in Erythroid Precursor Cells (Proerythroblasts and Erythroblasts).- 4.3. Cell Surface Glycoproteins and Carbohydrate Antigens in Progenitor Cells.- 4.4. A Provisional Model for Membrane Differentiation during Erythropoiesis and Its Implications.- 5. Cell Surface Markers in in Vitro Differentiation of Leukemic Cells.- 6. Cell Surface Markers in Hematological Disorders.- 7. Concluding Remarks and Prospects.- References.- 5 Carbohydrate Structure, Biological Recognition, and Immune Function Christopher.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Carbohydrate-Binding Proteins in the Immune System.- 2.1. Antibodies That Recognize Carbohydrate Determinants.- 2.2. Carbohydrate-Binding Complement Components.- 2.3. Carbohydrate Recognition by Soluble Immune Mediators.- 2.4. Lectins in the Immune System.- 2.5. Glycosyltransferases in the Immune System.- 2.6. Carbohydrate-Mediated Uptake in the Immune System.- 3. Differentiation Antigens in the Immune System.- 4. Carbohydrate-Mediated Recognition in Cellular Interactions.- 5. Conclusions and Future Directions.- References.- 6 Nervous System Glycoproteins: Molecular Properties and Possible Functions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure and Composition of Glycoprotein Oligosaccharides in the Nervous System.- 3. Glycoproteins of Synaptic Membranes and Synaptic Junctions.- 4. Cell Surface Glycocomponents of Cultured Neurons: Distribution and Dynamics of Lectin Receptors at the Growth Cone.- 5. Cell Surface Glycoproteins: Involvement in Cell-Cell Recognition and Adhesion.- 6. Brain Cell Surface Glycocomponents Involved in Growth Inhibition.- 7. Glycoproteins of Synaptic Vesicles and Secretory Organelles.- 8. Glycoproteins Involved in Neurotransmission.- 9. Glycoproteins of Central and Peripheral Nervous System Myelin.- 10. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 7 The Role of Glycoproteins in the Life Cycle of the Cellular Slime Mold Dictyostelium discoideum.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. The Life Cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum.- 2. Developmental Regulation of Glycoproteins.- 2.1. Cell Surface Lectin Receptors.- 2.2. Developmental Changes in Glycoprotein Composition.- 2.3. Summary.- 2.4. Effects of Inhibitors on Development.- 3. Regulation of Glycoprotein Biosynthesis.- 3.1. Regulation of Gene Expression in D. discoideum.- 3.2. Mechanisms Regulating Glycoprotein Synthesis.- 4. Synthesis and Processing of Glycoprotein-Linked Oligosaccharides.- 4.1. Lipid-Linked Precursors.- 4.2. Oligosaccharide-Processing Pathways.- 4.3. Other Glycosylation Mechanisms.- 4.4. Summary and Implications.- 5. Glycoprotein Roles in Vegetative Cells.- 5.1. Contact Sites B.- 5.2. Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis.- 5.3. Protein Sorting and the Lysosomal Common Antigen.- 6. Developmental Regulation of Cellular Cohesion.- 6.1. Aggregation-Stage Cohesion.- 6.2. Postaggregation Cohesion.- 6.3. Summary of gp80, the Polysaccharide, gp95, and gp150.- 6.4. Discoidins I and II, the D. discoideum Lectins.- 6.5. Summary.- 7. The Slime Sheath.- 7.1. Structure and Composition of the Sheath.- 7.2. Functions of the Sheath.- 8. Glycoproteins Specific for Prestalk or Prespore Cells.- 9. Concluding Remarks.- References.