Enemy at the Water Cooler

Brian T. Contos, CISSP, Chief Security Officer, ArcSight Inc. has over a decade of real-world security engineering and management expertise developed in some of the most sensitive and mission-critical environments in the world. As ArcSight's CSO he advises government organizations and Global 1,000s on security strategy related to Enterprise Security Management (ESM) solutions while being an evangelist for the security space. He has delivered security-related speeches, white papers, webcasts, podcasts and most recently published a book on insider threats titled – Enemy at the Water Cooler. He frequently appears in media outlets including: Forbes, The London Times, Computerworld, SC Magazine, Tech News World, Financial Sector Technology and the Sarbanes-Oxley Compliance Journal. Mr. Contos has held management and engineering positions at Riptech, Lucent Bell Labs, Compaq Computers and the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA). He has worked throughout North America, South America, Western Europe, and Asia and holds a B.S. from the University of Arizona in addition to a number of industry and vendor certifications.

Part I: Background on Cyber Crime, Insider Threats, and ESM
Chapter One: Cyber Crime and Cyber Criminals
• About this Chapter
• Computer Dependence and Internet Growth
• The Shrinking Vulnerability Threat Window
• Motivations for Cyber Criminal Activity
o Black Markets
• Hacker
• Script Kiddies
• Solitary Cyber Criminals and Exploit Writers for Hire
• Organized Crime
• Identity Thieves (Impersonation Fraudsters)
• Competitors
• Activist Groups, Nation-State Threats, and Terrorists
• Activists
• Nation-State Threats
o China
o France
o Russia
o United Kingdom
o United States
• Terrorists
• Insiders
• Tools of the Trade
o Application-Layer Exploits
o Botnets
o Buffer Overflows
o Code Packing
o Denial-of-service (DoS) Attacks
o More Aggressive and Sophisticated Malware
o Non-wired Attacks and Mobile Devices
o Password-cracking
o Phishing
o Reconnaissance and Googledorks
o Rootkits and Keyloggers
o Social Engineering Attacks
o Voice over IP (VoIP) Attacks
o Zero-Day Exploits
• Summary Points
Chapter Two: Insider Threats
• Understanding Who the Insider Is
• Psychology of Insider Identification
• Insider Threat Examples from the Media
• Insider Threats from a Human Perspective
o A Word on Policies
• Insider Threats from a Business Perspective
o Risk
• Insider Threats from a Technical Perspective
o Need-to-know
o Least Privileges
o Separation of Duties
o Strong Authentication
o Access Controls
o Incident Detection and Incident Management
• Summary Points

Chapter Three: Enterprise Security Management (ESM)
• ESM in a Nutshell
• Key ESM Feature Requirements
o Event Collection
o Normalization
o Categorization
o Asset Information
o Vulnerability Information
o Zoning and Global Positioning System Data
o Active Lists
o Actors
o Data Content
o Correlation
o Prioritization
o Event and Response Time Reduction
o Anomaly Detection
o Pattern Discovery
o Alerting
o Case Management
o Real-Time Analysis and Forensic Investigation
o Visualization
o High-level Dashboards
o Detailed Visualization
o Reporting
o Remediation
• Return On Investment (ROI) and Return On Security Investment (ROSI)
• Alternatives to ESM
o Do Nothing
o Custom In-house Solutions
o Outsourcing and Co-sourcing
? Co-sourcing examples:
• Summary Points

Part II: Real Life Case Studies
Chapter Four: Imbalanced Security—A Singaporean Data Center
Chapter Five: Correlating Physical and Logical Security Events—A U.S. Government Organization
Chapter Six: Insider with a Conscience—An Austrian Retailer
Chapter Seven: Collaborative Threat—A Telecommunications Company in the U.S.
Chapter Eight: Outbreak from Within—A Financial Organization in the U.K.
Chapter Nine: Mixing Revenge and Passwords—A Utility Company in Brazil
Chapter Ten: Rapid Remediation—A University in the United States
Chapter Eleven: Suspicious Activity—A Consulting Company in Spain
Chapter Twelve: Insiders Abridged
• Malicious use of Medical Records
• Hosting Pirated Software
• Pod-Slurping
• Auctioning State Property
• Writing Code for another Company
• Outsourced Insiders
• Smuggling Gold in Rattus Norvegicus

Part III: The Extensibility of ESM
Chapter Thirteen: Establishing Chain-of-Custody Best Practices with ESM
• Disclaimer
• Monitoring and disclosure
• Provider Protection Exception
• Consent Exception
• Computer Trespasser Exception
• Court Order Exception
• Best Practices
• Canadian Best Evidence Rule
• Summary Points

Chapter Fourteen: Addressing Both Insider Threats and Sarbanes-Oxley with ESM
• A Primer on Sarbanes-Oxley
• Section 302: Corporate Responsibility for Financial Reports
• Section 404: Management Assessment of Internal Controls
• Separation of Duties
• Monitoring Interaction with Financial Processes
• Detecting Changes in Controls over Financial Systems
• Section 409: Real-time Issuer Disclosures
• Summary Points

Chapter Fifteen: Incident Management with ESM
• Incident Management Basics
• Improved Risk Management
• Improved Compliance
• Reduced Costs
• Current Challenges
o Process
o Organization
o Technology
• Building an Incident Management Program
o Defining Risk
• Five Steps to Risk Definition for Incident Management
o Process
o Training
o Stakeholder Involvement
o Remediation
o Documentation
• Reporting and Metrics
• Summary Points

Chapter Sixteen: Insider Threat Questions and Answers
• Introduction
• Insider Threat Recap
• Question One - Employees
o The Hiring Process
o Reviews
o Awareness
o NIST 800-50
o Policies
o Standards
o Security Memorandum Example
• Question Two - Prevention
• Question Three – Asset Inventories
• Question Four – Log Collection
o Security Application Logs
o Operating System Log
o Web Server Logs
o NIST 800-92
• Question Five – Log Analysis
• Question Six - Specialized Insider Content
• Question Seven – Physical and Logical Security Convergence
• Question Eight – IT Governance
o NIST 800-53
o Network Account Deletion maps to NIST 800-53 section AC-2
o Vulnerability Scanning maps to NIST 800-53 section RA-5
o Asset Creation maps to NIST 800-53 section CM-4
o Attacks and Suspicious Activity from Public Facing Assets maps to NIST 800-53 section SC-14
o Traffic from Internal to External Assets maps to NIST 800-53 section SC-7
• Question Nine - Incident Response
• Question 10 – Must Haves

Appendix A—Examples of Cyber Crime Prosecutions