Integrated Devices for Artificial Intelligence and VLSI

Balwinder Raj, PhD, is an associate professor in the Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, at the National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research, Chandigarh. He has published more than 100 research papers in national and international journals and conferences. Additionally, the European Commission awarded him a Mobility of Life research fellowship for postdoc research work at the University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Italy in 2010-2011. His areas of interest include nanoscale semiconductor device modeling, sensors design, FinFET-based memory design, and low-power VLSI design. Suman Lata Tripathi, PhD, is a professor at the Lovely Professional University with more than 20 years of experience in academics. She is also a remote post-doctoral researcher at Nottingham Trent University, London, UK. She has published more than 74 research papers in refereed science journals and conferences, as well as 13 Indian patents and two copyrights. Additionally, she has edited and authored more than 17 books in different areas of electronics and electrical engineering. Tarun Chaudhary, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Electronics and Communication Engineering Department at the Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India. During her PhD, she worked on the design and mathematical modeling of the vertical field effect transistor. She has five book chapters and more than 25 research papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals and conferences. K. Srinivasa Rao, PhD, is a professor and the head of the Microelectronics Research Group in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at the Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Andhra Pradesh, India. His areas of research include MEMS-based reconfigurable antennas, MEMS actuators, piezoresistive, and VLSI circuts. He is a reviewer for many SCI-indexed journals and an external reviewer for many universities. Mandeep Singh is a professor at the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Surat Gujarat. He has five years of teaching experience with undergraduate and master students. He has published various research papers in the domain of VLSI design and circuits.

Preface xiii

1 Comparative Analysis of MOSFET and FinFET 1
Mandeep Singh, Tarun Chaudhary, Balwinder Raj, Girish Wadhwa and Suman Lata Tripathi

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Double Gate 4

1.3 Advantages and Disadvantage of MOSFET 10

1.4 MOSFET Drawbacks 10

1.5 FinFET 10

1.6 SOI-FinFET 11

1.7 Issues with FinFET-Based Technology 12

1.8 Advantage of FinFET 13

1.9 Drawbacks of FinFET 13

1.10 Applications of FinFET Technology 14

1.11 Conclusion 16

2 Nanosheet FET for Future Technology Scaling 25
Aruru Sai Kumar, V. Bharath Sreenivasulu, M. Deekshana, G. Shanthi and K. Srinivasa Rao

2.1 Introduction 26

2.2 Device Description and Simulation Parameters 28

2.3 Conclusions 39

3 Comparison of Different TFETs: An Overview 49
Rama Satya, Nageswara Rao and K. Srinivasa Rao

3.1 Introduction 49

3.2 Tunnel FET 50

3.3 Gate Engineering 53

3.4 Tunneling-Junction Engineering 59

3.5 Materials Engineering 61

3.6 Conclusion 66

4 GaAs Nanowire Field Effect Transistor 75
Shailendra Yadav, Mandeep Singh, Tarun Chaudhary, Balwinder Raj, Alok Kumar Shukla and Brajesh Kumar Kaushik

4.1 Introduction 75

4.2 Properties of Nanowires 81

4.3 Nanowire-FET 83

4.4 Proposed Work (GaAs Nanowire-FET) 84

4.5 Conclusion 91

5 Graphene Nanoribbon for Future VLSI Applications: A Review 101
Himanshu Sharma

5.1 Introduction 102

5.2 Future Applications of Graphene and Graphene-Based FETs 114

6 Ferroelectric Random Access Memory (FeRAM) 125
B. Vimala Reddy, Tarun Chaudhary, Mandeep Singh and Balwinder Raj

6.1 Introduction 125

6.2 Structure of Ferroelectric Memory Cells in Capacitor-Type FRAM Devices 131

6.3 Write/Read Operations in the FRAM Using a Capacitor-Type Memory Cell that Resembles a DRAM 132

6.4 Other Capacitor-Type FRAM 135

6.5 FRAM of FET Type 135

6.6 Memory Utilizing a Ferroelectric Tunnel Junction 137

6.7 Cross Point Matrix Array 137

6.8 Ferroelectric Shadow RAMs 138

6.9 2T2C Ferroelectric RAM Architecture 140

6.10 FeRAM vs. EEPROM 145

6.11 FeRAM vs. Static RAM 145

6.12 FeRAM vs. Dynamic RAM 146

6.13 FeRAM vs. Flash Memory 146

6.14 Conclusion and Upcoming Trends 147

7 Applications of AI/ML Algorithms in VLSI Design and Technology 157
Jaswinder Singh and Damanpreet Singh

7.1 Introduction 157

7.2 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 159

7.3 AI/ML Algorithms 160

7.4 Supervised Machine Learning (SML) 162

7.5 Classification Techniques 163

7.6 K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) 164

7.7 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 166

7.8 Linearly Separable Classification 167

7.9 Decision Tree Classifier (DTC) 168

7.10 Performance Measures in Classification 170

7.11 Unsupervised Machine Learning (UML) 173

7.12 Hierarchical Clustering 174

7.13 Partitional Clustering 176

7.14 K-Means 176

7.15 Fuzzy (soft) Clustering 177

7.16 Cluster Validation Measures 178

7.17 Internal Clustering Validation Measures 179

7.18 External Clustering Validation Criteria 180

7.19 Limitation and Challenges — VLSI 181

8 Advancement of Neuromorphic Computing Systems with Memristors 193
Jeetendra Singh, Shailendra Singh, Balwant Raj, Vikas Patel and Balwinder Raj

8.1 Introduction 194

8.2 Summary 206

9 Neuromorphic Computing and Its Application 217
Tejasvini Thakral, Lucky Lamba, Manjeet Singh, Tarun Chaudhary and Mandeep Singh

9.1 Introduction 218

9.2 Evolution of Neuroinspired Computing Chips 218

9.3 Science Behind Brain Physics 220

9.4 Limitations of Semiconductor Devices 221

9.5 Various Combination of Networks 225

9.6 Artificial Intelligence 228

9.7 A Summary of Neuromorphic Hardware Methodologies 229

9.8 Neuromorphic Computing in Robotics 231

9.9 Challenges in Neuromorphic Computing 232

9.10 Applications of Neuromorphic Computing 234

9.11 Conclusion 237

10 Performance Evaluation of Prototype Microstrip Patch Antenna Fabrication Using Microwave Dielectric Ceramic Nanocomposite Materials for X-Band Applications 247
Srilali Siragam

10.1 Introduction 248

10.2 Materials and Methods 250

10.3 Results and Discussion 251

10.4 Conclusions 258

11 Build and Deploy a Smart Speaker with Biometric Authentication and Advanced Voice Interaction Capabilities 271
Gur Sharan Kant and Kavi Bhushan

11.1 Introduction 272

11.2 Cybersecurity Risk as Smart Speakers Don't Have an Authentication Process 273

11.3 Related Work 275

11.4 Overview of Biometric Authentication and the Voice Algorithm-Based Smart Speaker 275

11.5 Conclusion and Discussion 283

12 Boron-Based Nanomaterials for Intelligent Drug Delivery Using Computer-Aided Tools 295
Jupinder Kaur, Ravinder Kumar and Rajan Vohra

12.1 Introduction 296

12.2 Computational Details 297

12.3 Results and Discussion 298

13 Design and Analysis of Rectangular Wave Guide Using an HFSS Simulator 329
Srilali Siragam

13.1 Background 329

13.2 Introduction 331

13.3 Mathematical Computations 333

13.4 Numerical Analysis 336

13.5 Conclusion 344

References 344

Index 355